Figure 3. Population attributable fraction (PAF) for incarceration and other tuberculosis risk factors.

Median estimates and uncertainty intervals for the percent of population-level incident tuberculosis cases in 2019 that can be attributed to each risk factor. The “crude” estimate of the population attributable fraction for incarceration is based on the percent of all notified tuberculosis cases occurring in prisons. Estimates for all other risk factors are from the World Health Organization (WHO). Risk factors are listed in descending order by PAF for each country. Estimates correspond to different age groups: incarceration, age ≥15; undernutrition, all ages; HIV, all ages; alcohol, age ≥15; smoking, age ≥15; diabetes, age ≥18 (see Methods).