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. 2024 Aug 1;20(10):4077–4097. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.97362

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The beneficial role of catalpol (CAT) was related to regulating the balance between glycolysis and OXPHOS. (A) Relative glucose consumption. (B) Relative lactate generation. (C) Glycolytic rate assay measuring glycolytic proton efflux rate (glycoPER). (D) Assessment of mitochondrial stress through direct quantification of the oxygen consumption rate (OCR). (E) Outcomes from the quantitative analysis of cellular respiration parameters: basal respiration, maximal respiration, ATP production, and spare respiratory capacity. (F) Real-time ATP production rate test calculated ATP manufacture rate from glycolysis (Gly) and mitochondrial respiration (Mito). (G) Mito/Gly ATP rate index, % Glycolysis and % Mitochondrial respiration were conducted. (H) Flow cytometry inspection of the JC-1 experiment (mitochondrial membrane potential) in AML12 cells. Rot/AA: Rotenone plus Antimycin A; 2-DG: 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3); ^#P < 0.05 versus Ctrl, *P < 0.05 versus TP.