Table 1.

Coding frame overview: research question, data source, and code(s).

Research Question	Data Source	Code	Sub-code(s)
RQ1	Google listing	Listing description declares clinic is:	(a) alternative provider; (b) hospital, or medical and cancer clinic; (c) blank or unspecified.
RQ2	Google reviews	Total rating scores (0–5) average	Not applicable.
RQ3	Google reviews	Negative review reasons	(a) quality of facility; (b) quality of service provision (non-efficacy); (c) financial exploitation; (d) misrepresenting impact of treatment on cancer; (e) difficulty accessing treatment; (f) time away from loved ones; (g) treatment worsened patient conditions or cancer progressed; and (h) patient died.
		Positive review reasons	(a) quality of facility; (b) quality of service provision (non-efficacy); (c) quality of treatment; (d) curative or non-curative improvement.
RQ4	Google reviews	Direct recommendation given in review Y/N	Not applicable.
RQ5	Google reviews	Type of person making review	(a) patient; (b) family of patient; (c) friend of patient; (d) no relationship to patient; and (e) unspecified.
		Patient cancer stage	(a) stage 1; (b) stage 2; (c) stage 3; (d) stage 4 or terminal cancer.
		Treatment(s) received	Iteratively tallied.
		Amount of money spent	Iteratively tallied.
RQ6	Google reviews	Clinic responses to negative reviews Y/N	Not applicable.
		Positive reviews disputing negative reviews Y/N	Not applicable.