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. 2024 Aug 6;14:18245. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-69097-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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(a) Epicenter of the 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake. (b) Study area. Rectangles (NT2–NT9) indicating the locations of the faults in the model by Fujii & Stake¹. The star denotes the earthquake epicenter. (c) Map of Toyama Bay. The black dots represent the tide or wave gauge stations. The red shaded area near the Toyama tide gauge station indicates the landslide area detected by the Japan Coast Guard. (d) Flowchart of submarine landslide modeling. (e) Schematic diagram of assumed rectangular blocks of an unstable soil mass.