Table 1.
Participant characteristics.
| Non-constipation | Constipation | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 12,455 | N = 1,405 | ||
| Total vegetable (cup eq.) | 3.13 (0.04) | 2.51 (0.07) | < 0.0001 |
| Dark green vegetable (cup eq.) | 0.28 (0.01) | 0.20 (0.02) | < 0.001 |
| Total red and orange vegetable (cup eq.) | 0.80 (0.02) | 0.61 (0.03) | < 0.0001 |
| Tomato (cup eq.) | 0.63 (0.01) | 0.47 (0.02) | < 0.0001 |
| Other red and orange vegetable (cup eq.) | 0.18 (0.01) | 0.14 (0.01) | 0.01 |
| Total starchy vegetable (cup eq.) | 0.89 (0.02) | 0.81 (0.04) | 0.04 |
| Potato (cup eq.) | 0.71 (0.02) | 0.65 (0.04) | 0.1 |
| Other starchy vegetable (cup eq.) | 0.18 (0.01) | 0.16 (0.01) | 0.14 |
| Other vegetable (cup eq.) | 1.16 (0.02) | 0.89 (0.03) | < 0.0001 |
| Age (years) | 47.23 (0.36) | 45.30 (0.59) | 0.002 |
| PIR | 3.13 (0.04) | 2.60 (0.07) | < 0.0001 |
| Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) | 28.79 (0.12) | 27.75 (0.26) | < 0.001 |
| Energy intake (kcal) | 2191.03 (17.00) | 1899.86 (33.50) | < 0.0001 |
| Total fruit (cup eq.) | 1.96 (0.04) | 1.62 (0.05) | < 0.0001 |
| Legumes (cup eq.) | 0.21 (0.01) | 0.18 (0.02) | 0.14 |
| Total fat intake (g) | 83.16 (0.87) | 71.02 (1.72) | < 0.0001 |
| Total carbohydrate(g) | 261.68 (1.91) | 238.76 (3.96) | < 0.0001 |
| Sex (%) | < 0.0001 | ||
| Female | 5,872 (48.46) | 972 (74.29) | |
| Male | 6,583 (51.54) | 433 (25.71) | |
| Race (%) | < 0.0001 | ||
| Mexican American | 2,260 (7.86) | 226 (8.29) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2,394 (10.35) | 368 (16.57) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 6,263 (72.56) | 619 (64.94) | |
| Other Hispanic | 1,037 (4.11) | 143 (5.07) | |
| Other Race | 501 (5.11) | 49 (5.14) | |
| Educational status (%) | < 0.0001 | ||
| Less than high school | 1,449 (5.54) | 190 (7.71) | |
| High school | 4,903 (35.70) | 659 (45.69) | |
| More than high school | 6,094 (58.76) | 553 (46.60) | |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 0.20 | ||
| No | 10,210 (87.32) | 1,180 (88.85) | |
| Yes | 2,245 (12.68) | 225 (11.15) | |
| Hypertension (%) | 0.02 | ||
| No | 7,144 (62.48) | 869 (66.29) | |
| Yes | 5,309 (37.52) | 536 (33.71) | |
| Depression (%) | < 0.0001 | ||
| No | 11,456 (93.20) | 1,190 (84.24) | |
| Yes | 985 (6.80) | 212 (15.76) | |
| Recreational activity (%) | < 0.0001 | ||
| No | 7,331 (53.09) | 910 (61.27) | |
| Yes | 5,124 (46.91) | 495 (38.73) | |
| Work activity (%) | < 0.001 | ||
| No | 6,411 (45.03) | 823 (52.44) | |
| Yes | 6,044 (54.97) | 582 (47.56) | |
| Active commuting (%) | 0.89 | ||
| No | 9,279 (75.05) | 1,049 (74.83) | |
| Yes | 3,176 (24.95) | 356 (25.17) | |
| Smoke (%) | 0.31 | ||
| No | 9,673 (77.16) | 1,092 (75.44) | |
| Yes | 2,779 (22.84) | 313 (24.56) | |
| Drinking (%) | < 0.0001 | ||
| No | 4,002 (26.27) | 564 (33.38) | |
| Yes | 8,436 (73.73) | 840 (66.62) |
PIR, Family income to poverty ratio.