Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to NHHR quartiles
| Characteristics | Quartiles of NHHR | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Q1 (< 2.12) | Q2 (2.12–2.91) | Q3 (2.91–3.88) | Q4 (> 3.88) | P value | |
| N(%) | 12,578 | 3267 | 3186 | 3068 | 3057 | |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 53.05 (16.10) | 55.93 (17.52) | 54.51 (16.17) | 51.97 (15.55) | 49.80 (14.33) | < 0.001 |
| Sex, n(%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Male | 6732 (53.9) | 1406 (42.3) | 1532 (48.1) | 1766 (57.9) | 2028 (67.3) | |
| Female | 5846 (46.1) | 1861 (57.7) | 1654 (51.9) | 1302 (42.1) | 1029 (32.7) | |
| Race, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Mexican American | 2337 (8.8) | 428 (6.7) | 556 (8.7) | 646 (9.5) | 707 (10.3) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 5355 (66.7) | 1336 (65.2) | 1363 (66.3) | 1281 (67.1) | 1375 (68.4) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2523 (11.5) | 905 (16.1) | 669 (12.1) | 552 (10.3) | 397 (7.6) | |
| Other | 2363 (12.9) | 598 (12.1) | 598 (12.8) | 589 (13.1) | 578 (13.6) | |
| Education, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Less than high school | 3828 (20.4) | 902 (18.0) | 932 (19.2) | 941 (20.7) | 1053 (23.7) | |
| High school grad or equivalent | 2976 (25.7) | 722 (23.4) | 763 (25.6) | 755 (26.7) | 736 (27.0) | |
| Some college or above | 5774 (53.9) | 1643 (58.6) | 1491 (55.2) | 1372 (52.6) | 1268 (49.3) | |
| Marital, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Married/living with partner | 7875 (66.2) | 1845 (60.9) | 2002 (67.6) | 2000 (67.1) | 2028 (69.3) | |
| Widowed/divorced/separated | 3214 (21.5) | 968 (25.1) | 842 (22.4) | 721 (19.9) | 683 (18.7) | |
| Never married | 1489 (12.2) | 454 (14.0) | 342 (9.9) | 347 (13.0) | 346 (12.0) | |
| PIR, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Low | 4009 (22.6) | 886 (19.1) | 1011 (22.3) | 991 (22.8) | 1121 (26.2) | |
| Moderate | 4994 (38.3) | 1373 (39.6) | 1254 (38.0) | 1215 (37.8) | 1152 (37.9) | |
| High | 3575 (39.1) | 1008 (41.3) | 921 (39.7) | 862 (39.4) | 784 (35.9) | |
| BMI (kg/m2), n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Normal/underweight | 2720 (20.9) | 1125 (35.2) | 706 (22.1) | 513 (15.2) | 376 (10.9) | |
| Overweight | 4314 (33.9) | 1018 (32.2) | 1087 (33.4) | 1077 (35.1) | 1132 (35.1) | |
| Obese | 5544 (45.2) | 1124 (32.6) | 1393 (44.5) | 1478 (49.7) | 1549 (54.0) | |
| HbA1c, %, mean (SD) | 5.94 (1.13) | 5.84 (0.95) | 5.92 (1.06) | 5.92 (1.08) | 6.07 (1.37) | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 1.33 (0.40) | 1.73 (0.44) | 1.39 (0.27) | 1.20 (0.22) | 0.99 (0.19) | < 0.001 |
| TC, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 5.11 (1.10) | 4.49 (0.93) | 4.86 (0.92) | 5.19 (0.90) | 5.89 (1.12) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Never | 6463 (50.4) | 1794 (54.1) | 1719 (53.1) | 1566 (50.2) | 1384 (44.2) | |
| Former | 3695 (29.7) | 971 (31.6) | 918 (28.8) | 917 (29.4) | 889 (29.0) | |
| Current | 2420 (19.9) | 502 (14.3) | 549 (18.2) | 585 (20.4) | 784 (26.7) | |
| Drinking status, n (%) | 0.002 | |||||
| Yes | 8231 (69.9) | 2084 (69.5) | 2005 (67.4) | 1998 (69.5) | 2144 (73.2) | |
| No | 4347 (30.1) | 1183 (30.5) | 1181 (32.6) | 1070 (30.5) | 913 (26.8) | |
| Physical activity, n (%) | 0.034 | |||||
| Vigorous | 2205 (20.7) | 602 (23.1) | 538 (19.7) | 524 (19.3) | 541 (20.6) | |
| Moderate | 3455 (29.9) | 942 (30.5) | 875 (29.7) | 843 (31.0) | 795 (28.4) | |
| Other | 6918 (49.4) | 1723 (46.4) | 1773 (50.5) | 1701 (49.7) | 1721 (51.0) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 0.323 | |||||
| Yes | 8185 (61.1) | 2149 (59.3) | 2090 (62.3) | 1967 (61.2) | 1979 (61.7) | |
| No | 4393 (38.9) | 1118 (40.7) | 1096 (37.7) | 1101 (38.8) | 1078 (38.3) | |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 9813 (77.9) | 1631 (48.2) | 2310 (71.6) | 2816 (91.6) | 3056 (100.0) | |
| No | 2765 (22.1) | 1636 (51.8) | 876 (28.4) | 252 (8.4) | 1 (0.0) | |
| Antihyperglycemic treatment,n (%) | 0.004 | |||||
| Only oral medication | 1702 (11.3) | 511 (12.3) | 461 (12.7) | 376 (10.1) | 354 (9.9) | |
| Only insulin | 283 (1.8) | 84 (2.3) | 81 (2.0) | 67 (1.6) | 51 (1.2) | |
| Insulin and oral medication | 340 (2.1) | 113 (2.5) | 84 (1.9) | 76 (2.2) | 67 (1.9) | |
| Untreated | 10,253 (84.8) | 2559 (82.9) | 2560 (83.4) | 2549 (86.0) | 2585 (87.0) | |
| Lipid-lowering treatment, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 3190 (24.3) | 1077 (32.2) | 890 (27.1) | 691 (21.3) | 532 (16.7) | |
| No | 9388 (75.7) | 2190 (67.8) | 2296 (72.9) | 2377 (78.7) | 2525 (83.3) | |
| Antihypertensive treatment, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 4710 (33.9) | 1419 (37.4) | 1293 (37.7) | 1066 (32.5) | 932 (27.9) | |
| No | 7868 (66.1) | 1848 (62.6) | 1893 (62.3) | 2002 (67.5) | 2125 (72.1) | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 4089 (27.1) | 1095 (27.1) | 1024 (27.8) | 965 (26.3) | 1005(27.3) | 0.748 |
| Prediabetes, n(%) | 8489 (72.9) | 2172 (72.9) | 2162 (72.2) | 2103 (73.7) | 2052 (72.7) | 0.748 |
The data are presented as the mean (SD) or n (%). All estimates were obtained from complex survey designs, analysis of variance or χ2 tests where appropriate
BMI Body mass index, HDL-C High density lipoprotein cholesterol, HbA1c Hemoglobin A1c, PIR Poverty income ratio, SD Standard deviation, TC Total cholesterol