Table 2:
Antimicrobial agents and TDM
| Drug class | Role of TDM for toxicity |
|---|---|
| Aminoglycosides | Ototoxicity [166] AMK: Cmin > 5 mg/l GEN: Cmin > 1 mg/l TOB: Cmin > 1 mg/l |
| Beta-lactams | Neurotoxicity [24, 56, 166] PIP: Cmin > 361.4 mg/l MEM: Cmin > 44.5–64.2 mg/l FLX: Cmin > 125.1 mg/l FEP: Cmin > 20 mg/l, Css > 60 mg/l |
| Fluoroquinolones | General toxicity [166, 167] Unclear |
| Oxazolidinones | Neurotoxicity [168] LZD: Cmin >2 mg/l, >4 weeks treatment duration |
| Polymyxins | Nephrotoxicity [166] COL: Cmin > 2.4 mg/l PMB: AUC24 > 100 |
| Sulfonamides | General toxicity [169] SXT: SMX >150 mg/l |
AMK: amikacin; AUC24–area under the concentration–time curve during a 24-hour period (estimation based on one or several samples taken, measured in mg/l × h); Cmin: minimum steady-state concentration monitoring for intermittent infusions (sample obtained prior to next dose); Css: steady-state concentrations for continuous infusions (sample obtained at any time during infusion); COL: colistin; FEP: cefepime; FLX: flucloxacillin; GEN: gentamycin; LZD: linezolid; MEM: meropenem; PIP: piperacillin; PMB: polymyxin B; SMX: sulfamethoxazole; SXT: co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole); TOB: tobramycin.