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. 2024 Aug 7;22:321. doi: 10.1186/s12916-024-03543-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — A Heatmap representing correlation of vitamin A-related metabolites from serum and gut bacterial species. Each cell of the matrix contains the regression coefficient between one vitamin A-related metabolite and a bacterial species. The table is colour-coded by correlation according to the table legend (red for positive and blue for negative correlations). * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001. B Prediction of the gut microbiota in vitamin A-related metabolites estimated by random forestregressors (using Spearman’s correlations) and classifiers (using AUC values) in TwinsUKand ZOE PREDICT-1 participants. Boxplots represent the mean AUC and the 95% confidence intervals across fivefold for TwinsUK and ZOE PREDICT-1. Dark blue and light blue circles indicate the mean of Spearman’s correlations between the real value of each vitamin A-related metabolite and the value predicted by the models across fivefold in TwinsUK and ZOE PREDICT-1