Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of individuals by quartiles of TyG index
| Quartile 1 (5.75–8.06) |
Quartile 2 (8.07–8.49) |
Quartile 3 (8.50–8.94) |
Quartile 4 (8.95–13.25) |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 6797 | 7012 | 6879 | 6954 | |
| Age, years | 38.0 ± 17.7 | 46.9 ± 19.6 | 50.8 ± 18.6 | 53.7 ± 16.8 | < 0.0001 |
| Male, n (%) | 2887 (39.8) | 3435 (48.1) | 3592 (52.2) | 3956 (58.1) | < 0.0001 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 2492 (63.1) | 2987 (67.7) | 3170 (70.1) | 3244 (71.0) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2248 (18.0) | 1651 (12.3) | 1071 (7.7) | 820 (6.0) | |
| Hispanic | 1462 (12.3) | 1774 (13.4) | 2014 (15.3) | 2282 (16.1) | |
| Other | 595 (6.6) | 600 (6.7) | 624 (6.9) | 608 (6.9) | |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 118 ± 18 | 124 ± 20 | 127 ± 20 | 131 ± 20 | < 0.0001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 31.3 ± 6.7 | 29.9 ± 6.8 | 28.2 ± 6.5 | 26.4 ± 6.0 | < 0.0001 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Never smoker | 4636 (64.1) | 4134 (56.4) | 3706 (51.6) | 3373 (47.3) | |
| Former smoker | 1026 (17.5) | 1477 (22.3) | 1765 (26.8) | 2042 (29.5) | |
| Current smoker | 1135 (18.5) | 1401 (21.3) | 1408 (21.6) | 1539 (23.3) | |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 0.002 | ||||
| Never | 3008 (35.8) | 2907 (35.7) | 2823 (35.6) | 2872 (37.3) | |
| Less than once a week | 3646 (61.4) | 3888 (59.6) | 3830 (60.1) | 3878 (58.7) | |
| More than once a week | 143 (2.9) | 217 (4.7) | 226 (4.3) | 204 (3.9) | |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.49 ± 0.90 | 4.89 ± 0.98 | 5.14 ± 1.02 | 5.45 ± 1.23 | < 0.0001 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.59 ± 0.42 | 1.45 ± 0.40 | 1.32 ± 0.35 | 1.13 ± 0.30 | < 0.0001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.60 ± 0.77 | 2.99 ± 0.87 | 3.18 ± 0.93 | 3.14 ± 1.02 | < 0.0001 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 0.62 (0.52–0.72) | 0.97 (0.87–1.09) | 1.42 (1.26–1.60) | 2.30 (1.92–2.99) | < 0.0001 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 4.83 ± 0.51 | 5.14 ± 0.68 | 5.44 ± 0.96 | 6.86 ± 3.05 | |
| Albumin, g/L | 42.9 ± 3.5 | 42.4 ± 3.4 | 42.5 ± 3.4 | 42.8 ± 3.4 | < 0.0001 |
| eGFR, mL/min | 106.4 ± 24.1 | 97.9 ± 25.7 | 94.7 ± 25.5 | 92.3 ± 25.5 | < 0.0001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n(%) | 608 (7.6) | 855 (9.9) | 1330 (15.3) | 2765 (33.6) | < 0.0001 |
| ASCVD, n(%) | 260 (3.2) | 495 (5.4) | 669 (7.7) | 899 (11.3) | < 0.0001 |
| COPD, n (%) | 244 (4.0) | 386 (5.9) | 430 (6.3) | 559 (8.5) | < 0.0001 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 344 (5.8) | 550 (8.0) | 649 (9.4) | 731 (10.9) | < 0.0001 |
| Chronic heart failure, n (%) | 84 (1.0) | 185 (1.8) | 223 (2.3) | 337 (4.1) | < 0.0001 |
| Chronic renal disease (eGFR < 60 mL/min), n (%) | 246 (2.4) | 508 (4.9) | 646 (6.6) | 762 (8.4) | < 0.0001 |
| Statin use, n (%) | 428 (5.7) | 900 (11.9) | 1184 (16.1) | 1671 (23.2) | < 0.0001 |
| Insulin or antihyperglycemic agents | 151 (1.5) | 315 (2.8) | 578 (5.7) | 1568 (18.5) | < 0.0001 |
| Education level, n (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Under high school | 1178 (12.8) | 1695 (15.8) | 1902 (18.9) | 2262 (21.2) | |
| High school graduate | 1230 (19.7) | 1512 (23.5) | 1566 (24.5) | 1623 (26.5) | |
| Above high school/unknown | 4389 (67.5) | 3805 (60.8) | 3411 (56.5) | 3069 (52.3) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Married/cohabiting | 3153 (55.1) | 3826 (60.7) | 4092 (62.7) | 4271 (64.8) | |
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 975 (13.3) | 1392 (16.4) | 1485 (18.6) | 1724 (21.3) | |
| Never married/unknown | 2669 (31.6) | 1794 (23.0) | 1302 (18.7) | 959 (13.9) | |
| Poverty income ratio (PIR) | 2.1 (1.1−4.0) | 2.1 (1.1–4.1) | 2.1 (1.1−4.0) | 1.9 (1.1–3.6) | 0.002 |
| All-cause mortality | 524 (5.5) | 1005 (10.0) | 1158 (12.1) | 1387 (15.9) | < 0.0001 |
| Cardiovascular mortality | 144 (1.3) | 318 (3.0) | 367 (3.6) | 467 (5.1) | < 0.0001 |
| Non-cardiovascular mortality | 380 (4.2) | 687 (7.0) | 791 (8.5) | 920 (10.8) | < 0.0001 |
Continuous variables are presented as means (standard deviations) or medians (interquartile ranges), and categorical variables are presented as n (%). N, number of subjects; %, weighted percentage. PIR is calculated by dividing family income by family size, year, and geographic location, as measured by the Department of Health and Human Services. HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, ASCVD atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease