Fig. 4.

Different mechanisms of radio-miRs for modulating the radioresistant phenotype. Radio-miRNAs employ various mechanisms to regulate critical cellular targets involved in the modulation of radioresistance. Some of these mechanisms involve direct regulation of targets associated with radioresistance, such as miR-302 and AKT/RAD52 a). Another common approach is indirect regulation through intermediaries within the proteins associated with radioresistance processes, like the miR-669–NF-κB signaling pathway b). Furthermore, radio-miRNAs participate in complex cellular regulatory networks that allow them to modify the radioresistant phenotype, as seen with miR-205 interaction with ATM c) and the lncRNA HOTAIR’s role in miR-449 regulation d).