Comparison of Swiss Re human driver baselines with Waymo liability insurance claims for Manual (A), Testing Operations (B), Rider-Only (C), and Testing Operations + Rider-Only (D) for property damage and bodily injury. Significant = non-overlapping 95 % CIs; Non-significant = overlapping 95 % CIs or inconclusive results. ADS=Waymo One Automated Driving System, Baseline = Swiss Re private passenger vehicle (human driver) baselines, calibrated for each mileage category.