Table 3.

The association of DM retinopathy and progression of CAC (AU) among those with positive CAC at baseline

		Average CAC progression per year (SD)	Model A*, difference in average CAC progression (95% CI)	Model B** difference in average CAC progression (95% CI)	Model C+ difference in average CAC progression (95% CI)	Model D++ difference in average CAC progression (95% CI)
DM	RP absent	68.2 (95.5)	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	RP present	96 (117.4)	102.9 (45.7, 160.1)	112.6 (51, 174.2)	88.1 (14.2, 161.9)	78.3 (2, 154.6)
No-DM	RP absent	37.5 (62.8)	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	RP present	44.1 (71.5)	27.1 (2.9, 51.2)	24.03 (−0.7, 48.8)	30 (3.6, 56.2)	30.53 (4.1, 57)
Interaction between RP and DM, p value	-		0.0096	0.005	0.149	0.2076

ABI = ankle brachial index; AU = agatston units; BMI = body mass index; CAC = coronary artery calcification; CRAE = central retinal arteriolar equivalent; CRP = c-reactive protein; CRVE = central retinal venular equivalent; DM = diabetes mellitus; HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c; HDL = high density lipoprotein cholesterol; Log = logarithm; MI = myocardial infarction; No-DM = no diabetes mellitus; Ref=reference; RP = retinopathy; SBP = systolic blood pressure.

^*Adjusted for age, gender, race, follow up time

^**Adjusted for variables in model A plus cardiovascular risk factors including total cholesterol, HDL, log of triglycerides, lipid-lowering medications, SBP, anti-hypertension medications, smoking status and cigarette pack-years

⁺Adjusted for variables in model B plus and BMI, log of CRP, Fibrinogen, log of HbA1C, log of creatinine, glucose, albuminuria, ABI, use of insulin or oral hypoglycemics and family history of MI

⁺⁺Adjusted for variables in model C and central retinal arteriolar equivalent CRAE and CRVE