Table 2. Summary of clinical studies investigating the effects of magnetized water on oral health.

Abbreviation: MW, magnetized water

Authors and year of publication	Subjects	Groups	Duration	Outcome measures	Results
Johnson et al. (1998) [37]	Adults	MW oral irrigator versus control	3 months	Plaque, calculus, gingival health	64% less calculus in the MW group (p<0.02), 27% reduction in gingival inflammation in the MW group (not significant)
Gupta and Bhat (2011) [38]	Children aged 5-12 years	0.2% chlorhexidine versus MW (24 hours) 1 minute versus MW (24 hours) 3 minutes versus MW (72 hours) 3 minutes	Single use	S. mutans count in saliva	The MW (72 hours) group had a reduction in S. mutans almost on par with chlorhexidine
Goyal et al. (2017) [39]	Children aged 7-12 years	MW (72 hours) 3 minutes, twice daily	2 weeks	S. mutans count in plaque and saliva	Highly significant reduction in S. mutans in plaque and saliva at 1 and 2 weeks versus baseline
Nagpal et al. (2020) [40]	Children aged 12-15 years	MW versus 0.2% chlorhexidine	3 weeks	Plaque index, gingival index	Significant reduction in plaque index and gingival index at 2 and 3 weeks for both MW (p=0.0001) and chlorhexidine (p=0.0001)
Nezam et al. (2022) [41]	Children aged 12-15 years	MW versus 0.2% chlorhexidine	21 days	Plaque index, gingival index, side effects	MW and chlorhexidine similarly effective for plaque index and gingival index, MW had fewer side effects