Table 3. Summary of clinical studies investigating the effects of magnetized water in the field of dermatology.

Abbreviations: MW, magnetized water; TEWL, transepidermal water loss; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; LC3B, microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3

Authors and year of publication	Subjects	Groups	Duration	Outcome measures	Results
Minoretti et al. (2023) [42]	Adult females	Single group using serum with saline MW	12 weeks	Skin hydration, TEWL, sebum content, melanin and erythema indices; beclin-1 and mTOR levels in skin biopsies	Improved skin hydration, reduced TEWL, decreased sebum, melanin, and erythema; 38% increase in beclin-1 and 24% decrease in mTOR, indicating activated cutaneous autophagy
García Martín et al. (2023) [43]	20 Caucasian males with androgenetic alopecia	Single group using lotion with 95% saline MW	12 weeks	Hair count, hair mass index; beclin-1 and LC3B levels in skin biopsies	Increased hair count and hair mass index; increased beclin-1 and LC3B, indicating enhanced scalp autophagy
Minoretti et al. (2024) [44]	Five elderly patients with non-infected, difficult-to-heal wounds	Case series using topical gel with 95% saline MW	The gel was applied regularly until the wound had fully healed or showed significant clinical improvement	Wound healing parameters (fibrous and necrotic tissue, granulation, re-epithelialization, wound closure)	Promoted wound healing; reduced fibrous and necrotic tissue; increased granulation, re-epithelialization, and partial or complete wound closure