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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Jun 25.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2024 Jun 25;50(3):413–425. doi: 10.1080/00952990.2024.2358046

Table A.2.

OLS Regression Model Predicting Number of Naloxone Doses, N = 7,435

Outcome: Number of Naloxone Doses B 95% CI1 p-value

Race
 White
 Black −0.02 −0.06, 0.02 0.402
 Other2 0.18 −0.03, 0.40 0.100
Age
 25–44
 45–64 0.08 0.03, 0.12 <0.001
 65+ −0.24 −0.42, −0.06 0.008
 18–24 −0.03 −0.07, 0.01 0.191
 Under 18 0.11 −0.07, 0.28 0.236
Sex
 Male
 Female −0.04 −0.08, −0.01 0.011
Drugs Involved
 Opioids Alone
 Opioids & Non-Stimulants 0.09 0.03, 0.15 0.002
 Stimulant & Opioids Combined 0.02 −0.05, 0.10 0.519
 Other Drug(s)3 −0.09 −0.20, 0.02 0.117
Fentanyl
 Not Suspected
 Suspected 0.14 0.10, 0.17 <0.001
Naloxone Type
 Nasal Naloxone
 Intramuscular Naloxone 0.05 0.01, 0.10 0.020
 Intravenous Naloxone −0.12 −0.21, −0.03 0.009
 Multiple Types of Naloxone 0.91 0.86, 0.96 <0.001
ODFR Respondent
 Stranger
 Self −0.08 −0.14, −0.02 0.007
 Friend 0.06 −0.01, 0.13 0.104
 Family 0.04 −0.02, 0.10 0.220
 Other4 −0.12 −0.29, 0.05 0.152
 Emergency Responder −0.26 −0.30, −0.22 <0.001
 Behavioral Health Professional −0.04 −0.14, 0.05 0.384
Year −0.03 −0.04, −0.01 <0.001
1

CI = Confidence Interval

2

Includes Asian, Native American, and multiracial individuals.

3

Includes alcohol, stimulants alone, benzodiazepines, and responses of “other” without additional detail.

4

Includes neighbors and responses of “other” without additional detail.