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. 2024 Aug 7;632(8024):327–335. doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-07717-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 9 — a, Map of Southern Africa showing the distribution of AFT and AHe ages (from ref. ¹⁸) relative to (palaeo)drainage basins and the Great Escarpment. Box shows the extent of the profile shown in b. b, Profile (see a for location) showing AFT (n = 99) and AHe (n = 11) ages¹⁸ from the southwest part of the Great Escarpment towards the interior (note the change in scale on the y axis at 150 Ma). Schematic elevation profile is shown for context as well as the timing of rifting onset and continental break-up. Dashed lines show the predicted timing of mantle disturbance considering instability migration rates of 10, 15 and 20 km Myr⁻¹ (dashed lines) relative to the nearest COB at the point of break-up (that is, 135 Ma). The overall pattern shows good agreement with predictions from landscape-evolution models (Fig. 5).