Extended Data Fig. 3. Physical relationships between escarpments and continental margins.

Frequency distributions showing the nearest distances between great escarpments and COBs at 10-km intervals (Fig. 1a–c) for Southern Africa (a), Brazil (b) and the Western Ghats (c) (data summarized in panel g). d–f, Frequency distributions showing the absolute difference in angle between escarpments and COBs, calculated using the perpendicular to the escarpment tangent at 50-km intervals (Methods). g, Distance between escarpments and COBs, their associated lithospheric thicknesses from two global reference models (LITHO1.0 (ref. ⁴¹) and LithoRef18 (ref. ⁴²)) and the absolute difference in angle between escarpments and the adjacent section (that is, perpendicular to escarpment tangents; see Extended Data Fig. 2) of COB at 50-km intervals (Methods).