TABLE 5.
Summary of natural products for the treatment of melasma in models.
| Natural product name | Active ingredient/main ingredient | Models | Range of dosage | Targets/pathway/process/mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phyllostachys pubescens | Bamboo peel extract (Betulinic acid, tachioside, and 1,2-dilinolenin) | B16 melanoma cells(mice) three-dimensional human skin model | 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 2, 5% | melanin, TYR | Ashour et al. (2022) |
| Vitis vinifera Leaf | Vitis vinifera Leaf Extracts (gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, rutin, resveratrol) | In silico (no cell) | 3.84 mg/mL | TYR | Lin et al. (2017) |
| Purple Glutinous Rice (Oryza sativa L.cv.Pieisu 1 CMU) | PES1CMU extracts (PES1CMU-DFRB, PES1CMU-H) | IBMX-stimulated B16 melanoma cells (mice skin cell) H2O2-induced human fibroblast cell | 0.01, 0.1 mg/mL | mushroom TYR, melanin, TYR, malondialdehyde, MMP-2 | Linsaenkart et al. (2023) |
| Leaves of Prunus persica(L.) Batsch var.Florida Prince | PPEE (kaempferol 3-O--4C1-(6-O-3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetyl glucopyranoside)) | Human Keratinocytes | 0–0.5 mg/mL | TYR | Mostafa et al. (2021) |
| Pomegranate | Pomanox | UV-induced human fibroblast Hs68 cells | 394.7 μg/mL | TYR | Mariné-Casadó et al. (2023) |
| Clove | Ellagitannin casuarictin | B16-F10 (mice cell) | 30 µM | TYR, mushroom TYR, MITF | Goenka et al. (2021) |
| European Propolises | Propolis Extracts (phenolic acid glycerides, galangin, chrysin, pinocembrin, and pinobanksins-3-O-acetate) | In silico (no cell) | 25, 50, 100 μg/mL | mushroom TYR,TYR | Widelski et al. (2022) |
| Elaeagnus umbellata | EU extract and fractions(luteolin) | α-MSH -induced B16-F10 melanoma cells | 12.5, 25, 50 μg/mL | TYR, CREB, ERK, MITF, TRP-1, TRP-2 |
Lee et al. (2021) |
| Milk | MHIR | Mel-Ab (mice cell) α-MSH-induced B16-F10 melanoma cells | 5 μM, 50 μM, 100 μM | MC1R, CREB | Kong et al. (2020) |
| Olive leaf | oleuropein (OP), oleocanthal (OL), oleacein (OC) | B16-F10 (mice cell) Epidermal Human Melanocytes | 5 μm, 200 nM | MITF, mTOR, MAPK, JAK-STAT, KEGG, p53, cAMP, PI3K-Akt, Wnt, MC1R, Kit, Gsk3β, TYR, TYRP1 | Cho et al. (2024) |
| Melissa officinalis | MOE, UMOE | B16-F1 (mice cell) | 200 μg/mL | TYR, TRP-1, TRP-2 | Jun et al. (2011) |
| Potentilla paradoxa Nutt | PP-EE(α-Linolenic acid) | α-MSH -induced B16-F10 (mice cell) | 50, 100 μg/mL | MITF, PKA, TYRP1, TYRP2 | Lee et al. (2022) |
| Deschampsia antarctica | EDA | Artificial blue light-induced melanocytes | 0.1 mg/mL | P38 | Lorrio et al. (2020) |
| Mutated shiitake | the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) | the melanocytes of zebrafish human foreskin fibroblast (HS27) | 100,300 μg/mL; 679 ± 19.7 μg/mL | melanin, pGSK3β | Mahmood et al. (2021) |
| Camellia japonica seeds | CJS-EO (hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane) | B16F10 (mice cell) | 31.25–500 ppm | TYR, melanin, TRP-1, TRP-2 | Ha et al. (2021) |
| Soybean | SCE (the total phenolic content) | α-MSH -induced B16-F10 (mice cell) | 1 mg/mL | TYR, melanin, TRP1, TRP2, MITF | Bodurlar and Caliskan (2022) |
| Citrus cultivars peels | β-elemene, farnesene, limonene | α-Melanocyte-stimulated B16BL6 cells. | 10–7–10−6% | TYR, melanin, MITF, MC1R | Yang et al. (2023) |
| Fomitopsis castanea mycelia | FEPS(Exopolysaccharide) | α-MSH -induced SK-MEL-5 human melanoma cells | 16.5 mg/mL; 50, 100 μg/mL | mushroom TYR, TYR | Jin et al. (2019) |
| Monascus purpureus | monascuspirolide B (7), Ergosterol Peroxide (8) | α-MSH -induced B16-F10 (mice cell) | 5–20 μM | TYR, melanin | Wu et al. (2021) |
| Juglans mandshurica | 2-[4-(3-hydroxypropyl)−2-methoxyphenoxy]−1,3-propanediol | B16F10 melanoma cells primary human epidermal melanocytes (PHEMs) | 0.5, 1 μM; 10 μM | melanin, MITF, p-ERK1/2、ERK1/2, TYR, p-CREB | (Kim J. Y. et al., 2019) |
| Prunus mahaleb L. | 2-O-β-glucopyranosyloxy-4-methoxy-hydrocinnamic acid, Dihydromelilotoside,2-O-β-glucosyloxy-4-methoxy trans-cinnamic acid | α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells | 20–400 μg/mL | mushroom TYR, TYR,melanin | Bayrakçeken Güven et al. (2023) |
| Helichrysum italicum | essential oils (α-pinene, α-muurolene) | In silico (no cell) | 1 mg/mL | TYR | Nebrigić et al. (2023) |
| Fungi | 3,4-Dihydroxybenzalacetone | B16-F10 (mice cell) human epidermal melanocytes (HEMs). T | 2.5–10 μM | TYR, TRP-1, TRP-2, MITF, cAMP/PKA, AKT/GSK3β, MEK/ERK, PMEL17 | Liu et al. (2021) |
| Withania somnifera(WS), Solanum nigrum (SN) | WSEA (high gallic acid, apigenin, kaempferol), SNEA (high caffeic acid, gallic acid, kaempferol, quercetin) | In silico (no cell) | 1 mg/mL | TYR | Hameed and Akhtar (2018) |
| C. fistula flower | C. fistula flower extract (Vanillic acid, Protocatechuic acid, Gallic acid, Coumaric acid, Ferulic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Catechins) | human skin fibroblasts In silico (no cell) | 50–200 μg/mL | MMP-2; TYR | Limtrakul et al. (2016) |
| Streblus taxoides Wood | ω-Hydroxymoracin C, moracin M, moracin C, 3, 4, 3′, 5′-tetrahydroxybibenzyl, piceatannol | B16-F1 melanoma cells | 25,50 μg/mL | TYR, melanin, TRP1、TRP2, MITF | Parndaeng et al. (2023) |
| Catalpa ovata | COE [the ethyl acetate fraction (EF)] | B16-F1 melanoma cells | 25, 50, 100 μg/mL | TYR, melanin, TRP1, MITF, p38, JNK, ERK, MAPK, p-CREB, cAMP, | Kim et al. (2023) |
| Bee pollen of Helianthus annuus L. | Sunflower bee pollen (SBP) extract (Safflospermidine A and B) | In silico (no cell) | 50 μg/mL | TYR | Khongkarat et al. (2020) |