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. 2024 Aug 7;14:18352. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-69339-x

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cardiorespiratory and blood data. Heart rate (A), oxygen uptake/body weight (B), arterial-mixed venous oxygen difference (C), and plasma lactate concentration (D) during exercise employing the positive and negative pacing. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 6–8). ^††p < 0.01: vs. pre-exercise within the same pacing strategy. ^‡‡p < 0.01: vs. 1-min within the same pacing strategy. ^##p < 0.01: significant difference between the two pacing strategies at a given time points.