FIGURE 2—

Associations Between Residential Proximity to Oil and Gas Development (OGD) Sites and (a) Perceived Stress Scale, (b) Major Depression Inventory, and (C) Current Psychotropic Medication Use: Pregnancy Study Online, United States and Canada, 2013–2023

Note. Results were fitted using restricted cubic splines. Solid line denotes estimates from the restricted cubic spline with corresponding 95% confidence intervals in the shaded bands. Reference group contains participants who had no residential exposure within 20 km of their home (i.e., the participants resided between 20 and 50 km from the nearest OGD site). Adjusted for participant age, geographic region of residential location, season of baseline enrollment, and year of baseline enrollment. Data were trimmed at the 0.5th and 99.5th percentile distance from nearest OGD site. Knots were located at 2.5, 10.0, and 17.5 km. Moderate to high perceived stress defined as PSS-10 scores ≥ 20, and moderate to severe depressive symptoms defined as MDI scores ≥ 20.