TABLE 2—
Associations Between Intensity of OGD and Mental Health Outcomes: Pregnancy Study Online, United States and Canada, 2013–2023
| Exposure Metric | Participants, No. | OGD Sites Within 20 km, Median (Range) | Moderate to High Perceived Stressa | Moderate to Severe Depressive Symptomsb | Current Psychotropic Medication Usec | |||
| Prevalence (%) | PR (95% CI) | Prevalence (%) | PR (95% CI) | Prevalence (%) | PR (95% CI) | |||
| All OGD intensityd | ||||||||
| Comparisone | 1 684 | 0 (0–0) | 29.9 | 1 (Ref) | 15.5 | 1 (Ref) | 16.3 | 1 (Ref) |
| Low | 1 339 | 2 (1–19) | 29.6 | 0.97 (0.87, 1.08) | 18.2 | 1.16 (0.99, 1.37) | 14.6 | 0.96 (0.81, 1.13) |
| Medium | 1 330 | 35 (1–270) | 28.3 | 0.91 (0.91, 1.02) | 17.4 | 1.07 (0.91, 1.26) | 17.4 | 1.09 (0.93, 1.27) |
| High | 1 372 | 846 (1–12 949) | 33.0 | 1.09 (0.99, 1.21) | 21.7 | 1.36 (1.17, 1.58) | 17.4 | 1.08 (0.92, 1.28) |
| New OGD intensityf | ||||||||
| Comparisone | 1 684 | 0 (0–0) | 29.9 | 1 (Ref) | 15.5 | 1 (Ref) | 16.3 | 1 (Ref) |
| Low | 473 | 1 (1–7) | 31.5 | 1.03 (0.89, 1.17) | 19.7 | 1.08 (0.90, 1.31) | 16.3 | 1.01 (0.81, 1.25) |
| Medium | 472 | 8 (1–39) | 30.7 | 0.99 (0.86, 1.15) | 18.0 | 0.99 (0.81, 1.21) | 16.3 | 1.05 (0.85, 1.30) |
| High | 486 | 52 (1–1 648) | 29.8 | 1.03 (0.89, 1.19) | 18.7 | 1.04 (0.85, 1.26) | 18.5 | 1.27 (1.03, 1.55) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; OGD = oil and gas development; PR = prevalence ratio. Adjusted for participant age, geographic region of residential location, season of enrollment, and year of enrollment. Missing covariate and outcome information (< 5%) was multiply imputed using fully conditional specification methods.
10-item Perceived Stress Scale scores ≥ 20.
Major Depressive Inventory scores ≥ 20.
Self-report of current psychotropic medication use.
Inverse distance-squared weighted number of OGD sites within 20 km of the residential location that were currently active at the time of the baseline survey. Low corresponds to the first tertile of exposure, and high corresponds to the third tertile of exposure.
Participants residing 20–50 km from the nearest active OGD site to the residential location.
Inverse distance-squared weighted number of OGD sites within 20 km of the residential location that were drilled in the previous 3 years before the baseline survey. Low corresponds to the first tertile of exposure, and high corresponds to the third tertile of exposure.