Table 2.

Impacts of Receiving Any NFFCCM Services on Health Care Utilization

Outcomes	Hospital admissions per month	ED visits per month	OP visits per month	OP visits per month (excluding the NFFCCM encounters)	COCI
Treatment effects coefficients	− 0.012***	− 0.017***	0.399***	− 0.001	0.094***
95% confidence interval	[− 0.014, − 0.011]	[− 0.019, − 0.016]	[0.375, 0.423]	[− 0.025, 0.023]	[0.091, 0.097]
p-value	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.934	< 0.001
N treatment	8341	8341	8341	8341	8142
N control	106,632	106,632	106,632	106,632	94,066
N total	114,973	114,973	114,973	114,973	102,208

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. The number of inpatient visits per month = total number of inpatient visits / the number of corresponding follow-up months. We controlled for (1) demographic characteristics, including age, sex, race, and ethnicity; (2) chronic disease status, including hypertension, Alzheimer’s disease, arthritis, asthma, atrial fib, autism, cancer, COPD, ESRD, depression, heart failure, hyperlipidemia, chronic heart disease, osteoporosis, and stroke; (3) other outcomes before initiation date; and (4) outpatient trajectory balancing groups’ score, including three outpatient trajectories. Applying the conservative Bonferroni correction, the significant p-values are below 0.05/5 = 0.01. Coefficients are followed by 95% CI and p-value. The mean (SD) duration of follow-up was 1.46 (1.01) years