Table 3.
Measurement characteristics for publications that assessed psychometric properties of outcome measures for pediatric participants who use lower limb prostheses (LLP)
| Study characteristics | Measurement characteristics | ||||
| Measure | Article | Construct measured | Type of measure | Report of validity | Report of reliability |
| Gait Outcomes Assessment List for Lower Limb Differences (GOAL-LD) | Dermott et al. [6] | Multiple domain • Gait function/mobility • Pain/discomfort/fatigue • Physical activities, games, recreation • Gait appearance • Use of braces and assistive devices • Body image/self-esteem |
Patient-reported | Face and content validity: • Assessed through cognitive interviews with children with LLP, surveys to healthcare providersa |
Not assesseda |
| Functional Mobility Assessment (FMA) | Pierce et al. [9] | Functional mobility | Performance-based and patient-reported | Construct validity: • Known groups: • Children with and without LLP different in total FMA scores (p < .001) and performance-based FMA sub-scores (p < .001) |
Not assessed |
| Child Amputee Prosthetics Project- Prosthesis Satisfaction Inventory (CAPP-PSI) | Pruitt et al. [10] | Prosthesis satisfaction • Subscales: • Parent satisfaction • (Parent rating of) child satisfaction • Satisfaction with service |
Proxy-reported | Face validity: • Review by expert clinicians • Construct validity: • Convergent validity- CAPP-PSI prosthesis satisfaction subscales correlated with prosthesis wear and use: r = .37-.56 • Convergent validity- CAPP-PSI prosthesis satisfaction subscales correlated with prosthesis satisfaction with appearance visual analogue scale (VAS): r = .5 • Divergent validity- CAPP-PSI satisfaction with service low to no correlation with wear time or prosthesis satisfaction with appearance VAS |
Internal consistency • Item-to-item (Cronbach’s alpha = .8-.9) • Item-total correlations (r = .5-.8) |
| Child Amputee Prosthetics Project- Functional Scale Index (CAPP-FSI) | Pruitt et al. [11] | Two Scales: • Upper extremity function • Lower extremity function |
Proxy-reported | Face validity: • Review by expert clinicians • Construct validity: • Known groups- children with limb loss or limb difference were significantly more likely to endorse “uses prosthesis” for lower extremity items on the CAPP-FSI (p < .0001) compared to children with upper limb loss or difference |
Internal consistency • Item-to-item (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.58–0.96) • Item-total correlations (r > .25) |
| Lower Limb Function Questionnaire (LLFQ) | Funk et al. [14] | Lower limb function | Patient-reported | Construct validity: • Convergent validity- • 6-minute walk test: not correlated • Obstacle test: r = .62 • Energy expenditure: not correlated • Timed Up and Go test: r=-.45 • Spatiotemporal parameters: r > 0.6 (cadence and base of support not correlated) |
Test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation = 0.79) |
aAdditional validity assessments in participants with lower limb differences, but no evidence that children who used LLP were among the participants in this study sample [8].