1. Measurement of HbA1c

1) Test HbA1c every 2 to 3 months. The test interval can be adjusted based on individual conditions, but the test should be conducted at least twice a year. [Expert opinion, general recommendation]

2) Test HbA1c levels more frequently when glycemic fluctuations are severe, when medications are changed, and when tight glycemic control is needed (e.g., in pregnancy). [Uncontrolled studies, general recommendation]

2. Self-monitoring of blood glucose

1) Educate individuals on self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), and check methods and accuracy frequently. [Expert opinion, general recommendation]

2) Individuals with T1DM or adults with T2DM who are on insulin therapy should perform SMBG. [Randomized controlled trial, general recommendation]

3) Adults with T2DM who are not on insulin therapy should consider SMBG. [Expert opinion, general recommendation]

4) SMBG can be done before and after the meal, before bedtime, at dawn, before and after exercise, and in the event of hypoglycemia, and the time and frequency of measurements can be individualized based on the patient’s condition. [Expert opinion, general recommendation]

3. Continuous glucose monitoring

1) A rtCGM device is recommended to control blood glucose and reduce the risk of hypoglycemia in adults with T1DM. [Randomized controlled trial, general recommendation]

2) A rtCGM device should be considered to control blood glucose in individuals with T2DM on insulin therapy. [Randomized controlled trial, limited recommendation]