Table 3. Associations of Total, Animal, and Plant Protein Intake With 10-Year All-Cause Mortality, Stratified by CKD and Age.
| Protein intake | Participant group, HR (95% CI)a | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| With CKD | Without CKD | |||
| Aged <75 y | Aged ≥75 y | Aged <75 y | Aged ≥75 y | |
| No. of deaths/observations | 157/1622 | 681/3167 | 398/7734 | 232/1876 |
| Total, g/kg/d | ||||
| 0.80 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 1.00 | 0.87 (0.73-1.05) | 0.89 (0.79-0.99) | 0.75 (0.67-0.85) | 0.80 (0.68-0.96) |
| 1.20 | 0.79 (0.58-1.07) | 0.79 (0.65-0.96) | 0.62 (0.51-0.77) | 0.65 (0.49-0.85) |
| 1.40 | 0.75 (0.53-1.07) | 0.72 (0.56-0.92) | 0.58 (0.45-0.75) | 0.52 (0.37-0.72) |
| 1.60 | 0.73 (0.50-1.07) | 0.65 (0.48-0.88) | 0.58 (0.43-0.79) | 0.41 (0.27-0.62) |
| Per 0.20 increment | 0.94 (0.85-1.04) | 0.91 (0.85-0.98) | 0.88 (0.81-0.96) | 0.81 (0.74-0.90) |
| Animal, g/kg/d | ||||
| 0.60 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 0.75 | 1.00 (0.83-1.20) | 0.84 (0.77-0.93) | 0.88 (0.79-0.97) | 0.91 (0.78-1.06) |
| 0.90 | 0.94 (0.73-1.22) | 0.75 (0.65-0.86) | 0.83 (0.71-0.98) | 0.77 (0.62-0.97) |
| 1.05 | 0.86 (0.63-1.18) | 0.69 (0.57-0.83) | 0.84 (0.69-1.03) | 0.63 (0.46-0.86) |
| 1.20 | 0.78 (0.52-1.17) | 0.64 (0.50-0.82) | 0.86 (0.66-1.11) | 0.51 (0.32-0.81) |
| Per 0.20 increment | 0.93 (0.82-1.06) | 0.87 (0.80-0.95) | 0.93 (0.84-1.03) | 0.83 (0.73-0.95) |
| Plant, g/kg/d | ||||
| 0.25 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 0.35 | 0.69 (0.54-0.88) | 0.94 (0.80-1.09) | 0.69 (0.57-0.83) | 0.67 (0.53-0.86) |
| 0.45 | 0.59 (0.42-0.84) | 0.82 (0.64-1.05) | 0.54 (0.41-0.71) | 0.52 (0.37-0.73) |
| 0.55 | 0.60 (0.39-0.92) | 0.68 (0.48-0.94) | 0.46 (0.33-0.65) | 0.45 (0.30-0.67) |
| 0.65 | 0.63 (0.36-1.10) | 0.55 (0.36-0.86) | 0.40 (0.26-0.63) | 0.39 (0.23-0.67) |
| Per 0.20 increment | 0.78 (0.57-1.07) | 0.81 (0.65-1.00) | 0.61 (0.48-0.77) | 0.62 (0.47-0.83) |
Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; HR, hazard ratio.
Calculated with Cox proportional hazards regression models. Protein intake was modeled as a continuous variable (per 0.20 g/kg/d) or a 3-knot restricted cubic spline otherwise. Hazard ratios (95% CIs) were obtained from models with multiplicative interaction terms between protein intake and CKD. Models on protein sources integrated multiplicative interactions between animal protein intake and CKD and between plant protein intake and CKD. Models were adjusted for cohort, sex, age, living arrangement, previous occupation, educational level, tobacco smoking, light physical activity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, body mass index, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic lung disease, musculoskeletal disease, cancer, depression and mood disorders, and intake of energy, monounsaturated fat, sugar, alcohol, and sodium.