Table 1.

Circadian Implications for Various Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Diseases

Studies	GI/Hepatic disease	Circadian implication
Canakis et al.33	IBD	-Shift workers exhibit higher risk for disease development
Palmieri et al.34		-Colonic mucosa biopsies demonstrate Bmal1 upregulation and Per1/3 downregulation
Gnocchi et al.35	NAFLD	-Deregulation of circadian transcription factors (ie, RORα, nocturnin) is implicated in NAFLD progression to NASH
Montagnese et al.36	Cirrhosis	-Cirrhotics exhibit delayed sleep-wake cycles and changes in melatonin circulation
Ma et al.37		-Per1 and Per2 double-knockout mice demonstrate cholestatic livers
Filipski et al.38		-Jet-lagged mice precipitated accelerated diethylnitrosamine-induced liver cancer