Table 2.

Microbial and Circadian Influences on One Other as Well as on Metabolism

Study authors	Influencing factor	Resulting effect
Govindarajan et al.75	Microbial deconjugation of bile salts	-Unconjugated bile acids regulate the amplitude and periodicity of circadian gene expression in the ileum, colon, and liver
Leone et al.77	High-fat diet	-Impaired central and hepatic circadian clock gene expression
		-Dampened circadian oscillations of gut microbiota
		-Altered microbial diversity
Zeb et al78, 79	Time-restricted feeding	-Increased gut microbial diversity
		-Reduced total cholesterol and triglyceride levels
Voigt et al.29	Altered light-dark cycle and mutation of the Clock gene	-Microbiota dysbiosis: increase in proinflammatory bacteria and decrease in anti-inflammatory bacteria
Thaiss et al.76	Germ-free mice receiving stool from jet-lagged humans	-Enhanced weight gain -Higher blood glucose levels after oral glucose challenge