Table 3.

Minimum interventional procedure-specific experience for adult congenital heart disease interventional cardiologists.^a

Device closures  Atrial septal defect ≥15  Patent foramen ovale ≥12  Intracardiac echocardiography to guide septal closure ≥20 casesb  Ventricular septal defect ≥5  Patent ductus arteriosus ≥8

Angioplasty/stenting procedures  Coarctation with stent ≥8  Pulmonary valve implant ≥12  Right ventricular outflow tract, conduit, or branch pulmonary artery stents ≥ 10  Aortic valvuloplasty ≥3  Pulmonary valvuloplasty ≥5  Stent implantation in venous vessels ≥5  Stents baffles ≥5  Pulmonary vein stents >2  Fontan baffle fenestrations >2

Other procedures  Balloon atrial septostomy ≥2 (can be with other left atrial procedures)  Transseptal catheterization ≥10  Perivalvular leak closure ≥5  Ultrasound-guided access ≥100  Large vessel vascular closure techniques ≥30  Radial artery access ≥20

Adapted (with some modification) from Aboulhosn et al.⁸

^aIn addition, operators need to meet the training and experience requirements outlined in Table 2, as well as the requirements for maintaining competency, Section 6.5.3.2.

^bIn facilities and locations where ICE is not available or the cost is prohibitive, TEE can be used instead.