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. 2024 Aug 8;23:222. doi: 10.1186/s12934-024-02497-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Humoral immune response induced by PPV-VLPs in vivo. BALB/c mice (n = 7 per group) were immunized with different PPV-VLPs. Blood samples were collected to detect the production antibodies. Endotoxin content analysis of PPV-VLPs produced from BL21-W-VP2 and BL21-DeE-VP2 cells. (a) Schematic of mouse immune studies; (b) The image of PPV-VLPs after endotoxin content detection; (c) Quantitative analysis of endotoxin content of PPV-VLPs. (d) Serum concentrations of VP2-specific IgG was measured following two rounds of immunization with BL21-DeE-VLP, BL21-W-VLP, ReE-VLP, and PBS; (e) IgG antibody titers to VP2 in the sera of immunized mice was tested by ELISA; (f) Neutralizing antibody titers to PPV in the sera of immunized mice was measured by live-virus assay. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 7)