Table 1.
Baseline demographics, ECMO indication, and medical history.
| Variable | Overall (N = 244) | ECMO death (n = 132) | Survival to decannulation (n = 112) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline demographics | ||||
| Age, y | 61.0 (49.8-69.0) | 62.0 (53.5-69.3) | 58.0 (47.8-68.0) | .139 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.7 (23.1-31.4) | 27.1 (23.3-31.7) | 26.5 (22.9-30.8) | .661 |
| Male sex | 174.0 (71.3) | 97.0 (73.5) | 77.0 (68.8) | .417 |
| Ethnicity | .088 | |||
| White | 142.0 (58.2) | 72.0 (54.5) | 70.0 (62.5) | |
| Black | 71.0 (29.1) | 39.0 (29.5) | 32.0 (28.6) | |
| Latino | 3.0 (1.2) | 2.0 (1.5) | 1.0 (0.9) | |
| Other | 28.0 (11.5) | 19.0 (14.4) | 9.0 (8.0) | |
| Index hospitalization | ||||
| Outside hospital transfer | 131.0 (53.7) | 73.0 (55.3) | 58.0 (51.8) | .585 |
| ECMO indicationb | .356 | |||
| Acute myocardial infarction | 85 (35.0) | 48 (36.4) | 37 (33.0) | |
| Heart failure | 74 (30.3) | 42 (31.8) | 32 (28.6) | |
| Refractory VT/VF | 25 (10.2) | 12 (9.09) | 13 (11.6) | |
| Acute valvular disease | 15 (6.1) | 4 (3.0) | 11 (9.8) | |
| SHD procedure complication | 15 (6.1) | 8 (6.1) | 7 (6.3) | |
| PCI/LHC complication | 6 (2.5) | 3 (2.3) | 3 (2.7) | |
| ECMO implanter | .910 | |||
| Interventional cardiologist | 222.0 (91.0) | 121 (91.7) | 101 (90.2) | |
| Cardiac surgeon | 22.0 (9.0) | 11 (8.3) | 11 (9.8) | |
| Primary management team | .638 | |||
| Interventional cardiology | 166.0 (68.0) | 94.0 (71.2) | 72.0 (64.3) | |
| Heart failure | 40.0 (16.4) | 16.0 (12.1) | 24.0 (21.4) | |
| Cardiac surgery/anesthesia | 38.0 (15.6) | 22.0 (16.7) | 16.0 (14.3) | |
| Cardiac arrest | 127.0 (52.0) | 82.0 (62.1) | 45.0 (40.2) | .001d |
| Arrest site | .002d | |||
| Out-of-hospital | 16.0 (6.6) | 11.0 (8.3) | 5.0 (4.5) | |
| Emergency department | 4.0 (1.6) | 3.0 (2.3) | 1.0 (0.9) | |
| In-hospital | 107.0 (43.9) | 68.0 (51.5) | 39.0 (34.8) | |
| Arrest rhythm | <.001d | |||
| VF | 35.0 (14.3) | 21.0 (15.9) | 14.0 (12.5) | |
| VT | 13.0 (5.3) | 7.0 (5.3) | 6.0 (5.4) | |
| Pulseless electrical activity | 67.0 (27.5) | 48.0 (36.4) | 19.0 (17.0) | |
| Asystole | 9.0 (3.7) | 5.0 (3.8) | 4.0 (3.6) | |
| Total CPR time, min | 20.0 (10.0-30.0) | 20.0 (10.0-40.0) | 15.0 (10.0-25.0) | .043d |
| ECPRc | 65.0 (26.6) | 44.0 (33.3) | 21.0 (18.8) | .010d |
| Primary cardiac arrest | 23.0 (9.4) | 18.0 (13.6) | 5.0 (4.5) | |
| Procedural complication | 31.0 (12.7) | 16.0 (12.1) | 15.0 (13.4) | |
| Medical history | ||||
| Hypertension | 171.0 (70.1) | 90.0 (68.2) | 81.0 (72.3) | .484 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 87.0 (35.7) | 46.0 (34.8) | 41.0 (36.6) | .776 |
| COPD | 23.0 (9.4) | 12.0 (9.1) | 11.0 (9.8) | .846 |
| On home oxygen | 9.0 (3.7) | 8.0 (6.1) | 1.0 (0.9) | .033d |
| Cirrhosis | 7.0 (2.9) | 4.0 (3.0) | 3.0 (2.7) | .870 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 63.0 (25.8) | 32.0 (24.2) | 31.0 (27.7) | .543 |
| On dialysis | 9.0 (3.7) | 3.0 (2.3) | 6.0 (5.4) | .204 |
| Venous thromboembolism | 26.0 (10.7) | 13.0 (9.8) | 13.0 (11.6) | .659 |
| Tobacco use | 85.0 (34.8) | 46.0 (34.8) | 39.0 (34.8) | .996 |
| Coronary artery disease | 109.0 (44.7) | 58.0 (43.9) | 51.0 (45.5) | .804 |
| Prior MI | 61.0 (25.0) | 34.0 (25.8) | 27.0 (24.1) | .768 |
| Prior PCI | 51.0 (20.9) | 26.0 (19.7) | 25.0 (22.3) | .617 |
| Prior CABG | 32.0 (13.1) | 17.0 (12.9) | 15.0 (13.4) | .906 |
| Arrhythmia | 62.0 (25.4) | 29.0 (22.0) | 33.0 (29.5) | .182 |
| VT/VF | 17.0 (7.0) | |||
| Atrial fibrillation | 45.0 (18.4) | |||
| SSS/CHB | 7.0 (2.9) | |||
| ICD implanted | 32.0 (13.1) | 17.0 (12.9) | 15.0 (13.4) | 0.906 |
| MCS prior to index eventa | 38.0 (15.6) | 24.0 (18.2) | 14.0 (12.5) | 0.224 |
| Intraaortic balloon pump | 9.0 (3.7) | |||
| Impella | 24.0 (9.8) | |||
| VV-ECMO | 1.0 (0.4) | |||
| Left ventricular assist device | 4.0 (1.6) |
Values are median (IQR) or n (%).
BP, blood pressure; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CHB, complete heart block; CICU, cardiac intensive care unit; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; DM, diabetes mellitus; ECPR, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) cardiopulmonary resuscitation; HF, heart failure; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; MCS, mechanical support; MI, myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SHD, structural heart disease; SICU, surgical intensive care unit; SSS, sick sinus syndrome; VF, ventricular fibrillation; VT, ventricular tachycardia; VV-ECMO, veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Highest recorded value prior to VA ECMO cannulation.
See Supplemental Table S1 for the full list of indications.
See Supplemental Table S2 for the full list of ECPR indications.
Significant P values.