Table 2. Summary of outcome measures and assessment instruments.

Outcome	Assessment instrument	Week 0(baseline)	Week 6 (intermediate)	Week 12 (endline)	Week 24 (follow-up)
Primary outcome
Cognitive function	ADAS-Cog	+	+	+	+
	CSI-D	+	+	+	+
Secondary outcome
	ADL	+	+	+	+
	EQ-5D-5L	+	+	+	+
	PSQI	+	+	+	+
Intrinsic capacity	MNA-SF	+	+	+	+
	SPPB	+	+	+	+
	PHQ-9	+	+	+	+
	Sensory: vision and hearing	+	+	+	+
Frailty	FP	+	+	+	+
	IPAQ-SF	+	+	+	+
Social support	LSNS	+	+	+	+
Healthcare utilisation and cost	Number of outpatient and inpatient visits	+		+
	Outpatient, inpatient and self-medication costs	+		+
Process evaluation
Eligibility and recruitment	Retention rate and reasons for withdrawal	+	+	+	+
Intervention acceptability	Participants’ training logs, online monitoring data, supervisory documents, adherence records automatically collected through RehabApp and COGITO programme and satisfaction surveys conducted through qualitative interviews	+	+	+	+
Outcome acceptability	Outcome questionnaire completion rate	+	+	+	+
Intervention sustainability	Participants’ continuing training logs and qualitative interviews				+
Adverse events	Adverse events	+	+	+	+
Cost-effectiveness	The indicator is the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), which is defined as the difference in intervention costs between the intervention and control groups divided by the difference in intervention outcomes between the two groups.
Cost-benefit	The indicator is the benefit-cost ratio (BCR), which is calculated as the present value of total benefits divided by the present value of total costs.

ADAS-Cog, Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive; ADL, Activity Daily of Life; CSI-D, Community Screening Instrument for Dementia; EQ-5D-5L, EuroQol-5D-5L; FP, Frailty Phenotype; IPAQ-SF, International Physical Activity Questionnaire--Short Form; LSNS, Lubben Social Network ScaleMNA-SF, Mini Nutritional Assessment Short-Form; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery