Table 2.
Estimated Effects of County Immigration Enforcement Policies on Violent Victimization, 2005–2014
| Longitudinal hybrid model |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Between-person difference |
Within-person change |
|||||
| Characteristics | b | (SE) | b | (SE) | ||
| County policy variables | ||||||
| Secure Communities activated | .076 | (.076) | .151 | * | (.069) | |
| 287(g) jail enforcement agreement | −.072 | (.078) | .339 | (.256) | ||
| 287(g) task force agreement | .226 | (.131) | .305 | (.217) | ||
| Anti-detainer policy activated | .017 | (.129) | .049 | (.199) | ||
| Control variables | ||||||
| Individual-level variables | ||||||
| Age | −.025 | *** | (.001) | .032 | (.033) | |
| Male | .173 | *** | (.028) | -- | -- | |
| Latino | −.326 | *** | (.059) | -- | -- | |
| Black | −.291 | *** | (.053) | -- | -- | |
| Other nonwhite | −.137 | (.079) | -- | -- | ||
| Divorced | .850 | *** | (.040) | .068 | (.241) | |
| Separated | 1.129 | *** | (.063) | 1.061 | *** | (.296) |
| Never married | .338 | *** | (.038) | −.179 | (.197) | |
| Education | −.004 | (.006) | .014 | (.035) | ||
| Employed | −.070 | * | (.033) | .096 | (.068) | |
| Household income | −.060 | *** | (.005) | .009 | (.008) | |
| Homeowner | −.126 | *** | (.035) | .009 | (.203) | |
| Length of residence | −.011 | *** | (.002) | .008 | (.008) | |
| Neighborhood-level variables | ||||||
| Population density | .034 | * | (.014) | .497 | (.580) | |
| Central city neighborhood | .087 | * | (.040) | -- | -- | |
| SES disadvantage | .160 | *** | (.036) | −.247 | (.231) | |
| % Black | .001 | (.001) | −.015 | (.055) | ||
| % Latino | .001 | (.002) | −.028 | (.048) | ||
| % Asian and Pacific Islander | −.014 | ** | (.005) | .138 | (.128) | |
| % other race/ethnicity | .008 | * | (.004) | −.061 | (.248) | |
| Race entropy | .152 | * | (.066) | −.209 | (.666) | |
| % foreign born | −.004 | (.003) | −.024 | (.018) | ||
| % ages 18–34 | −.006 | (.004) | .021 | (.015) | ||
| % divorced/separated | .011 | ** | (.004) | −.014 | (.019) | |
| % moved into units <10 years | .003 | (.002) | −.008 | (.011) | ||
| % vacant housing | .006 | * | (.002) | .015 | (.013) | |
| County context | ||||||
| % unemployed | −.010 | (.011) | .003 | (.018) | ||
| Southern border with Mexico | −.250 | (.135) | -- | -- | ||
| Northern border with Canada | .058 | (.109) | -- | -- | ||
| Traditional immigrant county | −.048 | (.068) | -- | -- | ||
| New immigrant county | −.024 | (.056) | -- | -- | ||
| Police force size | .013 | (.039) | .687 | (.422) | ||
| Police expenditures | .000 | (.000) | −.002 | (.003) | ||
| South | −.159 | (.082) | -- | -- | ||
| Midwest | .012 | (.069) | -- | -- | ||
| West | .224 | ** | (.078) | -- | -- | |
| Survey administration variables | ||||||
| Survey reference time | .209 | *** | (.015) | -- | -- | |
| Time in sample | −.229 | *** | (.015) | -- | -- | |
| Year of interview | ||||||
| 2006 | −.071 | (.074) | -- | -- | ||
| 2007 | −.093 | (.069) | -- | -- | ||
| 2008 | −.081 | (.067) | -- | -- | ||
| 2009 | −.205 | ** | (.074) | -- | -- | |
| 2010 | −.224 | ** | (.086) | -- | -- | |
| 2011 | −.192 | * | (.092) | -- | -- | |
| 2012 | −.179 | (.098) | -- | -- | ||
| 2013 | −.343 | *** | (.102) | -- | -- | |
| 2014 | −.254 | * | (.104) | -- | -- | |
|
| ||||||
| Number of persons | 354,000 | |||||
| Number of person-interviews | 1,006,000 | |||||
Note. SE = standard error.
*
p < 0.05
**
p < 0.01
***
p < 0.001 (2-tailed test).