Table 3.
Fixed Effects Model Estimated Effects of County Immigration Enforcement Policies on Violent Victimization, 2005–2014
| Fixed effects model |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | b | (SE) | |
| County policy variables | |||
| Secure Communities activated | .118 | * | (.052) |
| 287(g) jail enforcement agreement | .378 | (.243) | |
| 287(g) task force agreement | .393 | (.251) | |
| Anti-detainer policy activated | .045 | (.098) | |
| Control variables | |||
| Individual-level variables | |||
| Age | −.081 | (.057) | |
| Divorced | .037 | (.108) | |
| Separated | .788 | *** | (.106) |
| Never married | −.126 | (.124) | |
| Education | .014 | (.023) | |
| Employed | .092 | (.072) | |
| Household income | .004 | (.005) | |
| Homeowner | −.032 | (.120) | |
| Length of residence | .004 | (.004) | |
| Neighborhood-level variables | |||
| Population density | .469 | (.998) | |
| SES disadvantage | −.389 | (.253) | |
| % Black | .015 | (.028) | |
| % Latino | −.053 | (.030) | |
| % Asian and Pacific Islander | .108 | (.078) | |
| % other race/ethnicity | −.238 | (.216) | |
| Race entropy | −.733 | (1.383) | |
| % foreign born | −.020 | (.022) | |
| % ages 18–34 | .028 | ** | (.009) |
| % divorced/separated | −.018 | (.011) | |
| % moved into units <10 years | −.008 | (.007) | |
| % vacant housing | .014 | * | (.007) |
| County context | |||
| % unemployed | .006 | (.012) | |
| Police force size | .709 | (.445) | |
| Police expenditures | −.003 | (.002) | |
| Survey administration variables | |||
| Survey reference time | .217 | *** | (.013) |
| Time in sample | −.133 | *** | (.019) |
| Year of interview | |||
| 2006 | .057 | (.127) | |
| 2007 | −.016 | (.141) | |
| 2008 | −.059 | (.161) | |
| 2009 | −.205 | (.183) | |
| 2010 | −.263 | (.209) | |
| 2011 | −.267 | (.232) | |
| 2012 | −.295 | (.249) | |
| 2013 | −.524 | (.269) | |
| 2014 | −.553 | (.292) | |
|
| |||
| Number of persons | 3,800 a | ||
| Number of person-interviews | 15,500 a | ||
Note. SE = standard error.
*
p < 0.05
**
p < 0.01
***
p < 0.001 (2-tailed test).
a
Persons showing no variability in victimization status across time were not contributing information to the fixed effects analysis, so the sample size of the “effective analysis sample” was smaller.