TABLE 1.

Characteristics of Randomized Controlled Trials Included in the Systematic Review

References	Intervention	Control	Follow-up duration	Number randomized, sex, and mean age±SD	Most common diagnosis and duration of pain
Deer et al17 DISTINCT	B-SCS (fixed-output SCS)	CMM	6 mo 6 mo until crossover, outcomes at longer follow-ups not yet reported	B-SCS N=162, F=96 (59%), 58.1±13.0 y CMM N=107, F=52 (51%), 59.1±12.4 y	Nonspecific low back pain, lumbar spondylosis, radiculopathy, degenerative disk disease, spinal stenosis B-SCS 11.9±10.6 y CMM 13.1±12.4 y
Kapural et al15 SENZA-NSRBP	HF-SCS (fixed-output SCS)	CMM	12 mo 6 mo until crossover, only outcomes until 6 mo included in the analysis	HF-SCS N=83, F=50 (60%), Mdn=53 y (29–87) CMM N=76, F=40 (53%), Mdn=58.5 y (26–77)	Degenerative disk disease, spondylosis, radiculopathy, mild/moderate spinal stenosis, spondylolisthesis, sacroiliac dysfunction HF-SCS Mdn=8.5 y (0.5-52) CMM Mdn=8 y (1-59)
Mekhail et al16 EVOKE NSRBP subgroup	CL-SCS	OL-SCS (fixed-output SCS)	36 mo 24 mo until crossover, only outcomes until 6 mo included in the analysis	CL-SCS N=25, F=12 (48%), 53.0±8.3 y OL-SCS N=25, F=12 (48%), 55.6±11.3 y	Degenerative disk disease, mild-moderate spinal stenosis, radiculopathy, spondylosis without myelopathy CL-SCS 17.2±12.1 y OL-SCS 12.4±10.6 y

B-SCS indicates burst SCS; CL-SCS, closed-loop SCS; CMM, conventional medical management; HF-SCS, high-frequency spinal cord stimulation; Mdn, median; NSRBP, non-surgical refractory back pain; y, years.