Fig. 4.

Several genes whose expression was affected by emb-4 were involved in cold or heat tolerance. A–F) The survival rate in the cold tolerance assay with 12 gene mutants whose expressions were upregulated or down-regulated by the loss of emb-4. Worms were cultivated at the designated temperatures (at 15°C [A, B], 20°C [C, D], and 25°C [E, F]) constantly from egg to adult, and then they were transferred and incubated at 2°C for 48 h, after which the survival rates were calculated. Number of assays ≥ 6. ([A] n = 3215, 154, 668, 1,129, 590, 467, 303, 351, 730, 706, 593, and 574 worms, [B] n = 597, 636, 610, 749, and 691 worms, [C] n = 3721, 249, 400, 367, 428, 261, 816, 776, 447, 380, 507, and 374 worms, [D] n = 758, 708, 824, 851, and 849 worms, [E] n = 3,257, 823, 567, 558, 478, 283, 347, 402, 823, 516, 431, 500, and 406 worms, [F] n = 735, 676, 811, 690, and 775 worms). G–L) The survival rate in the heat tolerance assay with 12 mutants whose expressions were upregulated or down-regulated by the loss of emb-4. Worms were cultivated at the designated temperatures (at 15°C [G, H], 20°C [I, J], and 25°C [K, L]) constantly from egg to adult, and then they were transferred and incubated at 31°C for 24 h, after which the survival rates were calculated. Number of assays ≥ 5. ([G] n = 4,371, 746, 1,217, 1,189, 481, 548, 911, 1,066, 659, 685, 502, and 477 worms, [H] n = 2,052, 2,108, 1,845, 2,580, 1,210, and 1,833 worms, [I] n = 3,727, 322, 861, 673, 393, 268, 699, 731, 442, 447, 402, and 410 worms, [J] n = 932, 420, 338, 846, and 985 worms, [K] n = 3,376, 300, 517, 493, 766, 458, 912, 808, 578, 385, 932, and 954 worms, [L] n = 1305, 225, 248, 921, and 648 worms). The error bars indicate SEMs. n.s. P ≥ 0.05; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. Comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's post hoc tests (A–G, I–L), or followed by Tukey Kramer's post hoc tests (H).