FIGURE 3.

Ethanol augments the production of mitochondrial superoxide via the activation of Panx1 and Cx43 hemichannels in astrocytes. (A–D) Representative photomicrographs of MitoSox (red) and MitoGreen (green) fluorescence by astrocytes under control conditions (A, B) or following the treatment with 100 mM ethanol for 1 h (C, D). Insets: × 2.5 magnification of the indicated area of panels (B, D). (E) Averaged data normalized to control conditions (dashed line) of MitoSox fluorescence by astrocytes treated with 100 mM ethanol for several time periods. (F) Averaged data normalized to control conditions (dashed line) of MitoSox by astrocytes treated for 1 h with 100 mM ethanol alone or plus the following pharmacological agents: 100 µM ¹⁰panx1, 500 µM probenecid (Prob) or 100 µM gap19. ****p < 0.0001; ethanol compared to control conditions; ^&&& p < 0.001; ^&&&& p < 0.0001; effect of pharmacological agents compared to ethanol treatment (one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test). Each dot represents an independent culture experiment from a different litter of animals. The value reflects the mean of at least three coverslip replicates, with a minimum of 60 cells analyzed per coverslip. Calibration bar: 10 μm.