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. 2024 Jul 26;15:1388753. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1388753

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Copyright © 2024 Lin, Dai, Zhang and Xu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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WWXDD suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, INS, and promoted the expression of interleukin-10. (A) The mRNA expression of TNF in the model group (1.507 ± 0.159) was significantly higher than that in the control group (1 ± 0.141), while it was significantly decreased in the WWXDD medium-dose (0.865 ± 0.208), high-dose (0.9 ± 0.113), and colchicine groups (0.873 ± 0.136) (p< 0.01). (B) The mRNA expression level of IL-10 was significantly lower in the model group (0.46 ± 0.05) compared to the control group (1.00 ± 0 .19). Conversely, it exhibited significant increases in both low-dose WWXDD treatment group (1 .07± 0.10), medium-dose WWXDD treatment group (1.33 ± 0.20), and colchicine treatment group (1.27 ±0.18) (p < 001). (C) The mRNA expression of IL-18 in the model group (5.9 ± 1.32) was significantly higher compared to that in the control group (1.0 ± 0.11), whereas it was significantly reduced in the WWXDD low-dose (1.81 ± 0.83), medium-dose (1.77 ± 0.83), high-dose (2.15 ± 0.67), and colchicine groups (3.70 ± 0.47) (P< 0.01). (D) The serum concentration of TNF (pg/ml) in the model group (102.21 ± 13.14) was significantly elevated compared to that in the control group (28.51 ± 0.57), whereas WWXDD low-dose (91.41 ±1.23), medium-dose (36.09 ± 1.34), and high-dose groups (40.90 ± 3.35), as well as the colchicine group (34.99 ± 2.77), exhibited a substantial reduction relative to the model group (p < 0.05). (E) The serum concentration of IL-10 (pg/ml) in the model group (15.97 ± 1.11) was significantly lower compared to that in the control group (25.72 ± 1.89), whereas WWXDD low (31.27 ± 1.64), medium (30.72 ± 1.72), and high (33.09 ± 1.88) dose groups as well as the colchicine group (26.29 ± 3.80) exhibited a significant increase when compared to the model group (p < 0.001).(F) The mRNA expression of INS in the model group (17.51 ± 0.45) exhibited a significant increase compared to the control group (1.0 ± 0.11). Conversely, there was a notable decrease in the expression of WWXDD in the low dose group (10.06 ± 0.09), medium dose group (7.59 ± 0.19), high dose group (5.98± 0.009), and colchicine group (10.48 ± 0.16) with statistical significance observed (p < 0.01). NC, normal control group; Model, model group; Low, low dose WWXDD group; Medium, medium dose WWXDD group; High, high dose WWXDD group; Colchicine, positive control group. All data were shown as mean ± SEM. Results are derived from 3 separate experiments. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p <0.0001.