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. 2024 Jul 25;8:e52878. doi: 10.2196/52878

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©Mohammad Noroozi, Ace St John, Caterina Masino, Simon Laplante, Jaryd Hunter, Michael Brudno, Amin Madani, Marta Kersten-Oertel. Originally published in JMIR Formative Research (https://formative.jmir.org), 25.07.2024.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Formative Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://formative.jmir.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

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Left: Distinct lines representing different academic expertise grades across the 5 levels. Right: Scores for level 3, a clear stepwise pattern is observed, with more experienced users achieving higher scores. PGY: postgraduate year.