| CaCO3 | calcium carbonate |
| Cdots | carbon dots |
| CNTs | carbon nanotubes |
| CQDs | carbon quantum dots |
| chNPs | chitosan nanoparticles |
| C18P | C18-peptide |
| EGFR | epidermal growth factor receptor |
| GO/IO | graphene-oxide-loaded iron oxide |
| GQDs | graphene quantum dots |
| GNPs | gold nanoparticles |
| HCC | hepatocellular carcinoma |
| IAVs | influenza A viruses |
| LNA | locked nucleic acid |
| KSHV | Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus |
| MNPs | magnetic nanoparticles |
| MSCs | mesenchymal stromal cells |
| miRNAs | microRNAs |
| f-GQDs | modified GQDs |
| NDs | nanodiamonds |
| ncRNA | non-coding RNAs |
| NIR | near-infrared |
| P-L-Arg | poly-L-arginine |
| PCR | polymerase chain reaction |
| PLGA | poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) |
| PLA | poly(l-lactide) |
| PEG | polyethylene glycol |
| PEL | primary effusion lymphoma |
| qPCR | quantitative PCR |
| RT-qPCR | quantitative polymerase chain reaction |
| QDs | quantum dots |
| RT-PCR | reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction |
| SPCE | screen-printed carbon electrodes |
| SPIONs | superparamagnetic iron-oxide-based nanoparticles |
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