Table 2.

Polynucleotides for Wrinkle Treatment.

Study	Focus	Methodology	Key Findings	Level
Lee et al. [36]	Periocular rejuvenation	Randomized, double-blind, split-face trial with 30 participants	PN filler improved skin elasticity and texture more than hyaluronic acid filler; minimal adverse reactions	IIb
Cavallini et al. [37]	PN-HPT in aesthetic medicine	Consensus report by expert panel	PN-HPT improves skin texture, reduces inflammation, and enhances collagen production; safe and effective	V
Pak et al. [38]	PN vs. hyaluronic acid filler for crow’s feet	Phase III, randomized, double-blind trial with 120 patients	PN filler had longer duration of action and better efficacy than HA filler; well-tolerated	Ib
Jeong et al. [39]	PN vs. polycaprolactone (PCL) for canthal lines	Split-face study with 20 patients	Both fillers improved wrinkles; PN had faster action and fewer adverse reactions	IIa
Webb et al. [40]	Role of PN in regenerative and aesthetic medicine	Comprehensive review of 35 studies	PN promotes cellular proliferation, migration, and differentiation; beneficial for tissue regeneration	Ia
Kim et al. [41]	PN for lateral canthal lines	Study with 20 patients	Significant improvement in wrinkle appearance; well-tolerated	IIb
Oh et al. [42]	HPPLA vs. other fillers	Study with 30 patients	HPPLA had higher satisfaction and better outcomes; lower adverse effects	IIc
Lim et al. [43]	PN for Asian skin regeneration	Literature review	HPT stimulates collagen production and improves skin elasticity; effective for facial rejuvenation	V
Park et al. [23]	Long-chain PN fillers for skin rejuvenation	Study with 5 patients	Significant improvements in wrinkles and texture; long-lasting effects	IV