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. 2024 Jul 29;25(15):8285. doi: 10.3390/ijms25158285

Table 4.

Summary of plasma lipidomics results.

References Sample Size, Sex (% Women), and Average Age Diagnostic Method Comparison Lipidomic Approach
(Number of Lipid Molecules)		 Lipidomic Features
Seessle et al. (2020) [43] (n = 74)
33%
50 years		 Elastography Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) vs. healthy LC-MS
(n.a.)

  • HH → ↓ PC and ↑ PE and TG

  • No differences were seen for HDL, LDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol
Xu et al. (2020) [44] (n = 34)
44%
41 years		 Biopsy Polymorphisms of APOC3 LC-MS
(19)

  • SNP rs2070667-A variant → ↓ TG containing PUFA: TG(54:7), TG(54:8), and TG(56:9)
Sheridan et al. (2022) [48] (n = 112)
28%
48 years		 H-MRS HCV-G3 vs. HCV-G1 LC-MS
(n.a.)

  • HCV-G3 → ↑ hepatic steatosis, ↓ LDL cholesterol, ↓ CE and ↓ lathosterol

  • Both conditions ≈ level desmosterol

  • HCV-G1 → ↑ PC(36:3), PC (38:3), PC(36:5) and PC(38:5)
Van der Heijden et al. (2020) [51] (n = 302)
- %
- years		 H-MRS Levels of aldosterone and renin NMR and LC-MS
(231)

  • Aldosterone and renin associated with steatosis

  • Aldosterone, but not renin, was associated with triglyceridemia

  • Aldosterone was associated with VLDLs
Puri et al. (2009) [52] (n = 125)
- %
- years		 Biopsy proven (NAFLD and NASH) * NAFLD and NASH vs. healthy TLC and GS-MS
(266)

  • NAFLD → ↑ MUFAs and HETEs, ↓ PUFA

  • NASH → ↑ HETEs, ↓ PG
Jurado-Fasoli et al. (2023) [54] (n = 72)
54%
54 years		 Fatty liver index (blood biochemistry parameters) Levels of n-6 FA, n-3 FA, and their derived oxylipins LC-MS/MS
(79)

  • n-6 FA and derived oxylipins, HETEs, and DiHETrEs positively correlated with liver function parameters

  • ↑ omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid and oxylipin ratio → ↑ total cholesterol, LDL-c, TG, and GGT and ↓ HDL-c
Imamura et al. (2017) [55] (n = 27,296)
- %
- years		 ALT plasma levels FA pattern score ([↑↑] of FA_18:2, FA_18:0, OC-FA, and VLC-SFA and [↓↓] of FA_18:3, FA_16:0, and LC-MUFA) GS-MS
(27)

  • FA-pattern score associated with lower incidence of T2D

  • FA-pattern score inverse association with the likelihood of having NAFLD
Mocciaro et al. (2023) [56] (n = 109)
43%
55 years		 Biopsy * NAFLD spectrum vs. controls LC-MS
(276)

  • NAFLD → ↓ PUFA-PL and PUFA-NEFA
Ismail et al. (2020) [40] (n = 53)
28%
44 years		 Biopsy HCC and CLD vs. healthy LC-MS
(604)

  • CLD → ↑ TG, ↑ PC and ↑ plasmalogens

  • HCC → ↓ Almost all blood lipids (PC, PG, Cer, LPE, NEFA and plasmalogens)
McGlinchey et al. (2022) [61] (n = 627)
46%
52 years		 Biopsy Steatosis vs. NASH vs. fibrosis LC-MS and GC-MS
(176)

  • 15 metabolites unique to steatosis:

    CE(18:0), Cer(d18:1/23:0), Cer(d18:1/24:0), PC(36:3), PC(38:3), PC(40:4), PC(40:8), TG(51:2), FA 16:0, TG(O-52:2) or TG(P-52:1), 3-OH-benzoic acid, 5-OH-1H-indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-latic acid, lactic acid and tyrosine

  • 18 metabolites unique to NASH:

    PC(16:0e/18:1(9Z)), PC(O-32:0), PC(O-32:1), PC(O-36:3), PC(O-38:4), PC(O-38:5), PE(O-38:5) or PE(P-38:4), SM(d34:1), SM(d42:2), TG(18:2/18:1/16:0), TG(49:2), TG(50:0), TG(52:5), TG(53:2), TG(53:4), TG(54:3), TG(54:4), TG(54:6)

  • 15 metabolites unique to fibrosis:

    PC(32:1), PC(35:4), PC(37:4), PC(40:5), PC(40:6), SM(d36:1), SM(d36:2), SM(d38:2), FA 18:1, 2-OH-butanoic acid, 3-OH-butanoic acid, cholesterol, citric acid, isoleucine and lysine
Mouskeftara (2024) [62] (n = 37)
40%
54 years		 Elastography NASH vs. healthy LC-MS/MS (359)

  • Useful lipidomics changes to construct predictive models:

  • NASH → ↑ DG(16:1/18:0), DG(18:0/18:1), DG(18:1/18:1), DG(18:1/18:2), PC(16:0/16:1), PC(18:0/18:1), PC(18:0/22:5), PI(16:0/20:4), PI(16:1/18:1), LPE(18:0), FA (12:0), FA(18:3w3), CAR (4:0) and ↓ CE (20:4), FA 20:4ω6 or FA 20:5ω3, LPC(20:4), LPC(O-16:1).
NAFLD vs. healthy and NAFLD vs. NASH LC-MS/MS (359)

  • No lipidomic change was useful to construct predictive models.
Velenosi et al. (2022) [63] (n = 47)
51%
47 years		 Elastography and biopsy Postprandial response in NAFLD vs. healthy LC-MS and-MS/MS
(3469)

  • Postprandial ↑ of DG in NAFLD but not in controls, dissociated from NAFLD severity and obesity.

  • Postprandial ↑ DG correlates with postprandial insulin levels

* NAFLD has been screened out in healthy volunteers by plasma biochemistry parameters. ↓: reduced; ↑: increased, [↑↑]: high concentrations; [↓↓]: low concentrations; n.a., not available.