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. 2024 Jul 29;25(15):8285. doi: 10.3390/ijms25158285

Table 5.

Summary of lipoprotein lipidomics results.

References Sample Size Diagnostic Method Comparison Lipidomic Approach
(Number of Lipid Molecules)		 Lipidomic Features
Wiesner et al. (2009) [65] (n = 21) - Composition of healthy lipoproteins FPLC and LC-MS
(88)

  • HDL contained: 60% of PC, PE, and PE-pl and 40% of SM

  • LDL contained: 50% of SM and 60% of Cer.

  • PL to cholesterol ratio of: HDL, 1.09; VLDL, 0.64; and LDL, 0.35

  • PC: the most abundant PL in all lipoproteins (65–74%).

  • LPC: mainly associated with albumin.

  • CE species pattern showed no major differences between lipoproteins.

  • PC species showed a higher proportion of PUFA species in HDL

  • LPC species are lipoprotein specific: LPC(16:0) and LPC(18:0) associated to VLDs and LDL, and LPC(18:2) mostly present in HDL.

  • The major SM species in all three lipoprotein classes was SM(34:1).

  • PE and PE-pl revealed a relatively high variation between donors
Ruhanen et al. (2020) [28] (n = 15) - ANGPTL3-LOF vs. control lipoproteins Ultracentrifugation, DI-MS/MS, and GC-MS
(168)

  • ↓ TG, LPC, and CE, but ↑ CE with 16:1 and 18:1 FAs and ↑ PUFA-LPC and PUFA-TG

  • ↑ SM_24:1 and SM_24:2 and ↑alkyl ether PC

  • ↑ SM/PC ratio
Luukkonen et al. (2021) [67] (n = 643) Biopsy and H-MRS PNPLA3-I148M variant vs. noncarriers NMR
(n.a.)

  • ↓ VLDL and LDL particles and ↑ HDL

  • Smaller VLDL particles and larger LDL particles

  • no effect in patients with lower IR

  • reduction in the effect in less obese patients
Alfadda et al. (2023) [68]
(n = 434) Elastography T2DM patients: NAFLD vs. non-NAFLD lipoproteins NMR
(na)

  • positive association of concentration of lipids, PL, cholesterol, and TG in VLDL and LDL subclasses with NAFLD

  • negative association between steatosis and HDL subclasses with NAFLD
Mucinski et al. (2020) [69] (n = 12) H-MRS VLDL: Composition and correlation with IHTG Ultracentrifugation and LC-MS
(242)

  • VLDL molar proportions of TG:DG:Cer(137:3:1)

  • The five most abundant TG represent 50% of the TG in VLDL (TG(14:0/18:1/18:2), TG(16:0/16:1/18:1), TG(16:0/18:2/18:2), TG(16:0/18:1/18:1), and TG(16:0/18:1/18:2))

  • The five most abundant DGs represent 75% of the DGs in VLDL (DG(18:2/18:2), DG(16:0/18:1), DG(16:0/18:2), DG(18:1/18:1), and DG(18:1/18:2))

  • The five most abundant Cer represent 75% of the Cer in VLDL (Cer(d18:1/23:0), Cer(d18:1/22:0), Cer(d18:1/24:1), and Cer(d18:1/24:0))

  • Negative correlations of VLDL content of TG, DG, and Cer and IHTG

  • Ratio of Cer(d18:1/16:0)/Cer(d18:1/24:0) positive correlation with IHTG
Mocciaro et al. (2023) [71] (n = 109) Biopsy HDL: NAFLD spectrum vs. healthy donors LC-MS
(276)

  • PUFA PL in HDL negatively correlated with BMI, IR, TG, and hepatocyte ballooning

  • NAFLD HDLs → ↑ saturated Cer

↓: reduced; ↑: increased.