Table 2.
Summary of all the studies included in this review.
| Author | Timeline | Summary |
| UAE | ||
| Odeh et al.20 | Sept 2021–Apr 2022 | • Population: women aged 20–59 years |
| • Sample size: 104 | ||
| • 63/104 (60.58%) women were found to have 112 different HPV genotypes. | ||
| • 18/63 (28.6%) who tested positive for HPV had abnormal cytology and 45/63 (71.4%) had normal results. | ||
| • Among the identified genotypes, 63 were categorized as low-risk and 49 as high-risk. | ||
| • 25/104 (24%) had a single genotype and 38/104 (36.54%) had multiple genotypes. | ||
| • The prevalence of a single high-risk genotype was 13/104 (12.5%). HPV 16 and 58 were the most prevalent among the single high-risk group (2/13, 15.4% each), followed by HPV 59, 73, 18, 66, 51, 45, 31, 68, and 82 (1/13, 7.6% each). | ||
| • The prevalence of a single low-risk genotype was 12/104 (11.54%). HPV 11 was the most common (5/12, 41.7%), followed by HPV 6 (4/12, 33.3%) and finally HPV 40, 70, and 84 (1/12, 8.3% each). | ||
| • Multiple genotypes additionally included the following types: HPV 42, 43, 44, 55, 62, 67, 81, 52, 86, 33, 35, 39, and 54. | ||
| • The study concluded that HPV 6 (13.46%), HPV 11 (9.61%), HPV 16 (9.61%), HPV 62/81 (7.69%), and HPV 45 (7.69%) were the most common. | ||
| Revannasiddappa et al.21 | Jan 2018 –Sep 2019 | • Population: Women with cervical abnormalities who underwent HPV genotyping. |
| • Sample size: 422 | ||
| • 248/442 (56.1%) tested positive for HPV. | ||
| • The prevalence of high-risk HPV was 48%. | ||
| • The most common high-risk HPV genotype was HPV 16 (15.2%), followed by HPV 31 (11.7%), 53 (8.9%), 66 (8.6%), and 51 (8.3%). | ||
| • The prevalence of HPV 18 was 3.8%. | ||
| • Other high risk HPV types identified include HPV 52, 35, 58, 56, 59, 18, 39, 45, 82, 33, 68, 70, 73, 26, 42, and 69. | ||
| Albawardi et al.22 | 2012–2016 | • Population: Women diagnosed with HSIL and cervical carcinoma. |
| • Sample size: 75 (out of which, 70 were HSIL cases, 1 was an adenocarcinoma in-situ case and 4 were invasive squamous cell carcinoma cases). | ||
| • 66/75 (88%) tested positive for high-risk HPV. | ||
| • 8/75 (10.6%) had a double HPV infection and 4/75 (5.3%) had a triple HPV infection. | ||
| • HPV 16 was the most common (37/66, 56%) followed by HPV 31 (15/66, 22.7%), HPV 18 (5/66, 7.6%), HPV 33, 45 and 52 (4/66, 6.1% each), HPV 58 (3/66, 4.5%), HPV 68, 35, 39, and 66 (2/66, 3% each), and HPV 59 and 51 (1/66, 1.5%). | ||
| • The genotypes that were found as coinfections include HPV 16, 18, 31, and 33, among 5, 2, 4, and 1 case, respectively. | ||
| KSA | ||
| AlShammari et al.23 | May 2020–May 2021 | • Population: women referred to do a Pap smear. |
| • Sample size: 300 | ||
| • 14/300 (4.7%) tested positive for HPV. | ||
| • 8/14 (57%) of those who tested positive for HPV exhibited abnormal cytology, while 6/14 (42.9%) showed normal results. | ||
| • The most common genotypes were: HPV 16 in 6/14 (42.9%), HPV 52 in 3/14 (21.4%), HPV 58 in 2/14 (14.3%), and HPV 33 in 2/14 (14.3%). | ||
| Alhamlan et al.27 | 2006–2016 | • Population: Women aged 23–95 years. |
| • Sample size: 315 | ||
| • HPV was detected in 96/315 (30.4%) of patients. | ||
| • 75/96 (78%) had high-risk HPV types detected. | ||
| • 54/96 (56.3%) had HPV 16, 7/96 (7.3%) had HPV 18, 4/96 (4.2%) had HPV 31, 2/96 (2.1%) had HPV 33, 1/96 (1%) had HPV 35, 1/96 (1%) had HPV 45, 2/96 (2.1%) had HPV 56, 3/96 (3.1%) had HPV 58, and 1/96 (1%) had HPV 82. | ||
| • 21/96 (21.9%) of the HPV positive samples had multiple infections, which included HPV 6, 11, 51, 53, 56, 57, 66, 68, and 71. | ||
| Kussaibi et al.25 | 2013–2019 | • Population: Saudi women who had ASCUS on Pap smear testing and those at high risk of infection were investigated for HPV. |
| • Sample size: 164 | ||
| • 24/164 (14.5%) were positive for high-risk HPV. | ||
| • 10/24 (41.7%) of those who tested positive for high-risk HPV had abnormal cytology. | ||
| • HPV16 and HPV18/45 coinfection was detected in 2/24 women (8.3%). | ||
| • HPV 16 was detected in 8/24 women (33.3%). | ||
| • 14/24 (58.3%) had other high-risk HPV. | ||
| Mousa et al.24 | Oct 2017–Apr 2018 | • Population: women attending the gynecology clinic. |
| • Sample size: 119 | ||
| • 7/119 (5.9%) samples tested positive for HPV 10, 11, 58, 62, 66, and 67. | ||
| Alsbeih et al.28 | 1990–2012 | • Population: Cervical cancer patients with histologically proven invasive tumors. |
| • Sample size: 232 total, but HPV testing was only done for 213. | ||
| • 163/213 (77%) were HPV-positive. | ||
| • 147/163 (90%) had a single HPV infection, with HPV 16 affecting the majority (110/163; 67.5%), followed by HPV 31 (11/110; 6.8%), HPV 18 and HPV 45 (9/163; 5.5% each), HPV 73 (3/163; 1.8%), HPV 59 (2/163; 1.3%), and HPV 6, HPV 56, and HPV 64 (1/163; 0.6% each). | ||
| • The remaining 16/163 (10%) had double infections and involved additional HPV genotypes including: HPV 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 70, and 82. | ||
| • When both single and double infections are combined, HPV 16 remained the most common with an overall prevalence of 75%, followed by HPV18 (9%) and HPV 31 and HPV 45 (7% each). | ||
| Faqih et al.18 | Jan 2021–Dec 2022 | • Population: Women with abnormal cytology. |
| • Sample size: 155 | ||
| • 82/155 (52.9%) tested positive for HPV. | ||
| • 48/82 (58.6%) tested positive for a single infection of HPV 31, 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68. | ||
| • 5/82 (6.1%) tested positive for the above HPV genotypes in combination with HPV 18/45. | ||
| • 18/82 (22%) tested positive for HPV 16. | ||
| • 6/82 (7.3%) tested positive for HPV 18/45. | ||
| AlOtaibi et al.35 | N/A | • Population: HPV-positive cervical samples were obtained from previous studies. |
| • Sample size: 351 total samples, out of which 142 previously tested as HPV positive | ||
| • 70/142 women (49.2%) tested positive for HPV 16. | ||
| • 36/142 women (25.3%) tested positive for HPV 18. | ||
| • 10/142 women (7.0%) tested positive for HPV 31. | ||
| • The most common HPV genotypes were HPV 16 followed by HPV 18. | ||
| Obeid et al.26 | N/A | • Population: women who underwent cervical screening. |
| • Sample size: 933 | ||
| • 165/933 (18%) specimens were positive for HPV. | ||
| • The most common HPV types detected were a single infection with HPV 16 (62/121; 51%), then HPV 18 (34/121; 28%) followed by infections with multiple HPV types (8/121; 7%), HPV 56 and 58 (4/121; 3.3% each), HPV 31 and 42 (2/121; 1.7% each), and HPV 33, 51, 6, 66, and 68 (1/121; 0.8% each). | ||
| Kuwait | ||
| Kapila et al.29 | June 2017–May 2018 | • Population: Cases initially diagnosed as ASCUS. |
| • Sample size: 180 | ||
| • The prevalence of high-risk HPV was 27/180 (15%). | ||
| • High-risk HPV was present in 20/105 (19%) ASCUS cases, 1/58 (1.7%) cases with normal cytology, and 6/17 (35.3%) cases with endocervical abnormalities. | ||
| • HPV 16 was positive in 5/27 (18.5%). | ||
| • HPV 18/45 was positive in 1/27 (3.7%). | ||
| • HPV 16 and 18/45 were positive in 8/27 (29.6%). | ||
| • 13/27 (48.1%) were negative for both HPV 16 and 18/45, indicating the presence of other high-risk HPV genotypes (not genotypes 16 and 18/45). | ||
| Al-Awadhi et al.30 | Nov 2016–May 2017 | • Population: Immunocompetent men and women with anogenital warts who were scheduled for cryotherapy or laser treatment. |
| • Sample size: 156 total (129 men and 27 women). | ||
| • The prevalence of high-risk HPV genotypes (HPV 16, 18, 33, and 38) was 54/156 (34.62%). | ||
| • The prevalence of low-risk HPV genotypes (HPV 6 and 81) was 22/156 (14.1%) | ||
| • The prevalence of common wart viruses (HPV 1a, 2, 7, 27b, 27, 57b, 57c, and 65) was 79/156 (50.6%). | ||
| • HPV infection with a single type, two types, and three types was found in 88.4%, 9%, and 2.6% of patients, respectively. | ||
| • A single HPV infection was found for the following genotypes: HPV 16 (44/156, 28.2%), HPV 27b (23/156, 14.7%), HPV 57c (22/156, 14.1%), HPV 6 (16/156, 10.3%), HPV 2 (15/156, 9.6%), HPV 65 (7/156, 4.5%), HPV 1a, 18, and 57b (2/156, 1.3% each), and HPV 7, 9, 27, 38, and 81 (1/156, 0.64% each). | ||
| • Other genotypes found in double and triple infections additionally include HPV 4 and 33. | ||
| Mallik et al.31 | Jul 2015–Sept 2017 | • Population: Women diagnosed with epithelial abnormalities. |
| • Sample size: 749 | ||
| • High-risk HPV was positive in 229/749 (30.57%) of the cases with epithelial abnormalities; however, only 116 were genotyped. | ||
| • 73/116 (62.93%) were negative for HPV 16, 18, and 45; 36/116 (31.06%) were positive for HPV 16; and 7/116 (6.03%) were positive for HPV 18/45. | ||
| AlRoomy et al.32 | N/A | • Population: cervical samples with abnormal cytology were genotyped. |
| • Sample size: 330 total (282 samples with abnormal cytology and unknown HPV results, and 48 samples with normal cytology and known HPV results). | ||
| • 153/282 (54.3%) samples with abnormal cytology were positive for HPV. | ||
| • High-risk HPV types were detected in 115/190 (61%) samples with abnormal cytology. | ||
| • Low-risk HPV types were detected in 69/190 (36%) samples with abnormal cytology. | ||
| • Intermediate-risk HPV types were detected in only 6/190 (3%) samples with abnormal cytology. | ||
| • Out of the high-risk HPV samples, HPV 16 was the most prevalent (39/115; 34%), followed by HPV 66 (15/115; 13%), HPV 53 (11/115, 9.6%), HPV 33 and 56 (10/115, 8.7%, each), HPV 18 (7/115, 6.1%), HPV 31 and 35 (6/115, 5.2% each), HPV 58 (3/115, 2.6%), HPV 39, 45, and 68 (2/115, 1.7% each), and HPV 59 and 73 (1/115, 0.9%). | ||
| • Out of the intermediate-risk HPV samples, HPV 67 and 70 were the most common (2/6, 33% each), followed by HPV 84 and 87 (1/6, 16.7% each). | ||
| • Out of the low-risk HPV genotypes identified, HPV 11 was the most common (25/69, 36.2%), followed by HPV 6 (21/69, 30.4%), HPV 90 (8/69, 11.6%), HPV 81 (7/69, 10.1%), HPV 61, 83, and 102 (2/69, 2.9% each), and HPV 54 and 106 (1/69, 1.4% each). | ||
| Qatar | ||
| Elmi et al.33 | Mar 2013–Aug 2014 | • Population: Women of Arabic origin residing in Qatar. |
| • Sample size: 406 | ||
| • 33/406 (8.1%) tested positive for HPV. | ||
| • 22/225 (9.8%) of Qatari women tested positive for HPV. | ||
| • 11/181 (6.1%) of non-Qatari Arab women tested positive for HPV. | ||
| • Among women with normal cytology, HPV was positive in 29/382 (7.6%). | ||
| • Among women with abnormal cytology, HPV was positive in 4/24 (16.7%). | ||
| • The most common high-risk genotype among women with normal cytology was HPV 35 (2/29, 6.9%), followed by HPV 33, 39, and 59 (1/29, 3.4% each). | ||
| • The most common high-risk genotypes among women with abnormal cytology were HPV 16 and 59 (1/4, 25% each). | ||
| • The most common low-risk genotypes among women with normal cytology were HPV 81 (10/29, 34.5%) and HPV 11 (9/29, 31%). | ||
| • The most common low-risk genotypes among women with abnormal cytology were HPV 11, 81, and 90 (1/4, 25%). | ||
| Oman | ||
| Al-Lawati et al.34 | Sept 2014–Apr 2015 | • Population: Married Omani women, 18–68 years, attending the gynecology clinic. |
| • Sample size: 258 | ||
| • HPV was positive in 46/258 (17.8%). | ||
| • The prevalence of HPV among women with normal cytology was 39/231 (16.9%). | ||
| • The prevalence of HPV among women with abnormal cytology was 6/16 (37.5%). | ||
| • Out of the 46 HPV positive cases, there were 65 positive results encompassing 22 different genotypes (due to 11 cases testing positive for more than 1 HPV type). | ||
| • The most common high-risk genotypes included HPV 82 (7/65, 10.77%) followed by HPV 68 (6/65, 7.69%), HPV 18, 53, and 56 (4/65, 6.15% each), HPV 51, 58, and 73 (3/65, 4.62% each), HPV 39 (2/65, 3.08%), and HPV 16, 31, 33, 35, 52, and 66 (1/65, 1.54%). | ||
| • The most common low-risk genotypes included HPV 54 (8/65, 12.31%), followed by HPV 42 (5/65, 7.69%), HPV 44 (4/65, 6.15%), HPV 6 (3/65, 4.62%), HPV 43 (2/65, 3.08%), and finally HPV 11 and HPV 70 (1/65, 1.54% each). | ||
| Bahrain | ||
| Alnoaimi et al.36 | Jan 2017–Apr 2023 | • Population: HPV positive cases with both normal and abnormal Pap smear findings. |
| • Sample size: 100 | ||
| • 24/100 (24%) had HPV 16 (16/24, 66.7% had an abnormal Pap smear). | ||
| • 6/100 (6%) had HPV 18/45 (4/6, 66.7% had an abnormal Pap smear). | ||
| • 62/100 (62%) had other HPV genotypes (7/62, 11.3% had an abnormal Pap smear) | ||
| • 5/100 (5%) had HPV 16 and other high-risk HPV (non-16/18/45) coinfection. | ||
| • 2/100 (2%) had HPV 18/45 and other high-risk HPV (non-16/18/45) coinfection. | ||
| • 1/100 (1%) had HPV 16 and HPV 18/45 coinfection. | ||
| Qatar, Bahrain, KSA, and UAE | ||
| Ali et al.19 | N/A | • Population: Women attending the outpatient clinic. |
| • Sample size: 2,478 total (1276 from KSA, 728 from Qatar, 409 from UAE, and 65 from Bahrain) | ||
| • 520/2,478 (21%) tested positive for high-risk HPV. | ||
| • High-risk HPV prevalence was highest among women in Qatar (228/728; 31.3%), followed by women residing in Bahrain (13/65; 20%), KSA (219/1276; 17.2%), and the UAE (60/409; 14.7%). | ||
| • HPV positivity rate was higher among women with abnormal cytology (219/433, 50.6%) compared to women with normal cytology (301/2045, 14.7%). | ||
| • 90/520 (17.3%) tested positive for HPV 16. | ||
| • 14/520 (2.7%) tested positive for HPV 18. | ||
| • 5/520 (1%) tested positive for HPV 16/18 coinfection. | ||
| • Prevalence of HPV 16 with other high-risk HPV coinfection was 62/520 (11.9%). | ||
| • Prevalence of HPV 18 with other high-risk HPV coinfection was 6/520 (1.2%). | ||
| • Prevalence of coinfection with HPV 16, 18 and other high-risk HPV genotypes was 12/520 (2.3%). | ||
| • Prevalence of other high-risk HPV was 331/520 (63.7%). | ||
ASCUS, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance; HSIL, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; KSA, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; UAE, United Arab Emirates.