α-MSH	α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Acaca/ACC	Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
ACC1	Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1
ACOX1	Acyl-CoA oxidase 1
ACS	Acyl-CoA synthetase
ADHD	Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
AgRP	Agouti-related peptide
AICAR	5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
ATP	Adenosine triphosphate
BAIBA	β-Aminoisobutyric acid
BAs	Bile acids
BAT	Brown adipose tissue
BCAAs	Branched-chain amino acids
BD-AcAc2	R,S-1,3-Butanediol diacetoacetate
BDNF	Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
BED	Binge-eating disorder
BMI	Body mass index
BMPs	Bone morphogenetic proteins
C/EBPs	CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins
CART	Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript
CB1R/CB2R	Cannabinoid-1 receptor/cannabinoid-2 receptor
CCK	Cholecystokinin
CD36	Cluster of differentiation 36
CDCA	Chenodeoxycholic acid
ChREBP	Carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein
CLA	Conjugated linoleic acid
CNS	Central nervous system
COVID-19	Novel human coronavirus disease
Cox4i1	Cytochrome C oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1
CPT1	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1
CPT1b	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b
CRH	Corticotropin-releasing hormone
DGAT1	Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1
DHA	Docosahexaenoic acid
Dio2	Iodothyronine deiodinase 2
DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid
EMA	European Medicines Agency
EPA	Eicosapentaenoic acid
F/B	Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio
FABP3	Fatty acid-binding protein 3
FA	Fatty acid
FAS	Fatty acid synthase
FATP	Fatty acid transport protein
FDA	Food and Drug Administration
FFAR2	Free fatty acid receptor 2
FFAR3	Free fatty acid receptor 3
FGF21	Fibroblast growth factor 21
FIAF	Fasting-induced adipose factor
FMT	Fecal microbiota transplantation
FO	Fish oil
FXR	Farnesoid X receptor
GABA	Gamma-aminobutyric acid
GBA	Gut–brain axis
GHS-R1a	Growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a
GI	Gastrointestinal
GIP	Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
GLP-1	Glucagon-like peptide 1
GLP-1RA	GLP-1 receptor agonist
GLP-2	Glucagon-like peptide 2
GLUT4	Glucose transporter type 4
GPCRs	G-protein-coupled receptors
GPR40	G-protein-coupled receptor 40
HbA1c	Glycosylated hemoglobin
HCAR2	Hydrocarboxylic acid receptor 2
HDL	High-density lipoprotein
IKK2	Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase 2
IL-6	Interleukin-6
IL-22	Interleukin-22
JNK1 C	Jun N-terminal kinase 1
LCAD	Long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
LCFA-CoA	Long-chain fatty acyl-CoA
LEPR	Leptin receptor
LPL	Lipoprotein lipase
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
Mapk14	Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14
MASH	Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis
MASLD	Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease
MC3R	Melanocortin-3 receptor
MC4R	Melanocortin-4 receptor
MCAD	Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
MGAT-2	Monoacylglycerol acyltransferase-2
MGO	Methylglyoxal
NGPs	Next-generation probiotics
NPY	Neuropeptide Y
NPY5R	NPY receptor type 5
OXPHOS	Oxidative phosphorylation
PBEF	Pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor
PDE-5	Phosphodiesterase-5
PGC-1α	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha
POMC	Proopiomelanocortin
PP	Pancreatic polypeptide
PPARα/γ	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha/gamma
PPARγ2	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2
PRDM16	PR domain containing 16
PXR	Pregnane X receptor
PYY	Peptide YY
RBP4	Retinol-binding protein 4
RCT	Randomized controlled trial
RNA	Ribonucleic acid
SCD1	Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1
SCFA	Short-chain fatty acid
SD	Standard deviation
SERCA	Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase
SF-1	Steroidogenic factor -1
SGLT-2	Sodium–glucose transport protein-2
SIRT-1	Sirtuin 1
SLC27A1	Solute carrier family 27 member 1 (another name for FATP)
SNAC	Salcaprozate sodium
SREBP-1c	Sterol-regulatory element-binding protein 1c
SST	Somatostatin
TAG	Triacylglycerol
T2DM	Type 2 diabetes mellitus
TLR4	Toll-like receptor 4
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor-α
TRH	Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
UCP1	Uncoupling protein 1
VDR	Vitamin D receptor
VIP	Vasoactive intestinal peptide
VLDL	Very-low-density lipoprotein
WAT	White adipose tissue
WHO	World Health Organization