Table 1.
Average values of compounds identified and quantified (ppm) via GC-MS in extracts of Chinook, Centennial, Mosaic, and Citra hops.
| Compound | RT (min) 1 | LRI 2 | Citra | Centennial | Chinook | Mosaic | Odor Descriptors 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dimethyl sulfide | 1.28 | 765 | - 4 a 5 | 0.02 ± 0.00 b | 0.04 ± 0.00 b | -a | cabbage, sulfur, gasoline |
| α-Pinene | 2.20 | 1022 | 4.66 ± 0.07 b | 1.52 ± 0.03 a | 1.73 ± 0.03 a | 1.73 ± 0.02 a | pine, turpentine |
| Dimethyl disulfide | 2.79 | 1074 | 0.93 ± 0.03 b | 0.27 ± 0.00 a | 0.90 ± 0.02 b | 1.32 ± 0.04 c | onion, cabbage, putrid |
| Isobutyl alcohol | 2.85 | 1089 | 0.30 ± 0.01 | 0.24 ± 0.00 | 0.50 ± 0.01 | 0.43 ± 0.02 | wine, solvent, bitter |
| Isobutyl isobutyrate | 2.91 | 1091 | 4.37 ± 0.05 b | 1.92 ± 0.04 a | 1.30 ± 0.02 a | 4.01 ± 0.05 b | tropical fruit, pineapple |
| β-Pinene | 3.12 | 1112 | 6.92 ± 0.06 b | 9.71 ± 0.06 c | 3.64 ± 0.03 a | 2.04 ± 0.02 a | pine, resin, turpentine |
| Isoamyl acetate | 3.40 | 1123 | 0.31 ± 0.01 a | 0.15 ± 0.01 a | 0.52 ± 0.01 b | 0.23 ± 0.00 a | sweet fruit, banana |
| Myrcene | 4.10 | 1163 | 945.71 ± 0.09 d | 530.73 ± 0.10 c | 274.42 ± 0.08 a | 327.67 ± 0.05 b | fresh, balsamic |
| Isoamyl isobutyrate | 4.84 | 1178 | 47.75 ± 0.08 c | 25.32 ± 0.05 a | 26.61 ± 0.03 a | 31.78 ± 0.07 b | fruity, apple-like |
| p-Cymene | 6.97 | 1270 | 1.07 ± 0.04 b | 0.37 ± 0.01 a | 0.21 ± 0.00 a | 0.56 ± 0.01 a | solvent, gasoline, citrus |
| Isoamyl 2-methylbutyrate | 7.34 | 1281 | 1.90 ± 0.03 | 1.84 ± 0.03 | 1.49 ± 0.01 | 1.23 ± 0.01 | fruity, pineapple, strawberry |
| Methyl heptanoate | 7.62 | 1289 | 1.72 ± 0.04 b | 0.83 ± 0.03 a | 0.36 ± 0.00 a | 1.46 ± 0.04 b | sweet, slightly spicy, fruity |
| Isoamyl isovalerate | 7.87 | 1291 | 2.09 ± 0.03 a | 3.26 ± 0.02 b | 5.11 ± 0.04 c | 1.88 ± 0.06 a | sweet, fruity, green, soapy |
| 1-Hexanol | 9.78 | 1350 | 1.25 ± 0.05 b | 0.30 ± 0.01 a | 0.23 ± 0.01 a | 2.05 ± 0.06 c | resin, flower, green |
| 2-Nonanone | 10.94 | 1385 | 2.22 ± 0.06 b | 0.10 ± 0.00 a | 0.23 ± 0.00 a | 4.78 ± 0.09 c | hot milk, soap, green |
| Methyl octanoate | 11.02 | 1388 | 4.64 ± 0.07 c | 0.79 ± 0.01 a | 0.43 ± 0.01 a | 1.35 ± 0.03 b | green, floral, strong |
| Yalangene | 13.66 | 1455 | 2.64 ± 0.04 b | 0.87 ± 0.02 a | 6.53 ± 0.07 c | 1.01 ± 0.03 a | spicy, peppery |
| α-Cubebene | 13.94 | 1462 | 9.43 ± 0.07 b | 3.38 ± 0.02 a | 24.93 ± 0.09 c | 3.82 ± 0.02 a | herbaceous, wax |
| Methyl nonanoate | 14.40 | 1496 | 5.70 ± 0.03 c | 0.67 ± 0.00 a | 0.83 ± 0.00 a | 3.22 ± 0.01 b | fruity, tropical, coconut |
| Linalool | 16.30 | 1544 | 47.84 ± 0.09 c | 31.12 ± 0.07 b | 17.67 ± 0.03 a | 23.63 ± 0.05 a | flower, lavender, fresh notes |
| β-Caryophyllene | 17.21 | 1588 | 205.68 ± 0.07 d | 88.62 ± 0.05 b | 181.58 ± 0.09 c | 59.76 ± 0.04 a | wood, spice |
| 2-Undecanone | 17.72 | 1596 | 40.74 ± 0.07 b | 2.65 ± 0.01 a | 5.16 ± 0.02 a | 34.02 ± 0.04 b | orange, fresh, green |
| Methyl 4-decenoate | 18.63 | 1615 | 48.68 ± 0.06 d | 23.29 ± 0.05 c | 5.43 ± 0.02 a | 18.35 ± 0.02 b | waxy, milky, green |
| α-Humulene | 19.42 | 1667 | 380.78 ± 0.10 b | 180.01 ± 0.03 a | 418.03 ± 0.08 c | 171.63 ± 0.09 a | woody, spicy |
| γ-Muurolene | 20.12 | 1689 | 16.28 ± 0.04 b | 9.59 ± 0.03 a | 53.77 ± 0.13 c | 6.74 ± 0.04 a | herb, wood, spice |
| Valencene | 20.91 | 1726 | 39.05 ± 0.03 b | 5.41 ± 0.02 a | 48.37 ± 0.33 b | 2.34 ± 0.01 a | green, oil, citrusy |
| 2-Tridecanone | 23.93 | 1785 | 8.37 ± 0.03 b | 3.13 ± 0.01 a | 2.21 ± 0.02 a | 13.88 ± 0.04 c | fat, herbaceous, earthy |
| Geranyl isobutyrate | 24.07 | 1792 | 6.60 ± 0.04 b | 10.66 ± 0.07 c | 2.63 ± 0.00 a | 6.17 ± 0.02 b | sweet floral, fruity, green |
| Geraniol | 25.12 | 1833 | 9.85 ± 0.02 a | 52.23 ± 0.06 b | 15.09 ± 0.04 a | 13.10 ± 0.04 a | rose, geranium |
| β-Caryophyllene oxide | 28.10 | 1981 | 14.37 ± 0.06 c | 4.97 ± 0.08 b | 1.64 ± 0.01 a | 6.25 ± 0.05 b | herb, sweet, spice |
| Humulene epoxide | 29.60 | 2044 | 16.45 ± 0.03 c | 8.43 ± 0.02 b | 5.50 ± 0.01 a | 8.83 ± 0.05 b | spicy or woody |
| Octanoic acid | 30.61 | 2061 | 1.61 ± 0.01 b | 0.12 ± 0.00 a | 0.10 ± 0.00 a | 1.44 ± 0.02 b | sweat, cheese |
| Decanoic acid | 35.68 | 2271 | 4.74 ± 0.02 c | 0.67 ± 0.00 a | 2.70 ± 0.02 b | 1.26 ± 0.01 a | rancid, fat |
| All | 1884.62 c | 1003.20 b | 1109.91 b | 757.98 a |
1 Retention time. 2 Linear retention index. 3 Odor descriptors are based on the Flavornet Database (https://www.flavornet.org/index.html). 4 Not detected. 5 Different letters in the same row indicate significant differences at p < 0.05 among the samples.