Table 2.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Authors (Year) | Study Design | Participants | Male, n (%) | Age, Mean (SD) or Median (IQR) | Duration of Diabetes, Years, Mean (SD) or Median (IQR) | GV Indices | HbA1c Comparator | Median Follow-Up Time | Outcome Measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lu et al. (2021) [40] | PCS | Adult patients with T2DM admitted to the hospital for diabetes management (n = 6225). | 3404 (55%) | 62 (12) | 9.7 (7.4) | TIR and glucose CV | Yes | 6.9 years | Cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality. |
| Su et al. (2018) [41] | PCS | Patients with T2DM and NSTE-ACS admitted to the hospital for elective PCI. Following measuring MAGE, they were divided into two groups (those with MAGE levels <3.9 mmol/L and those with MAGE ≥3.9 mmol/L) (n = 759). | 177 (61%) | 63 (10) | Mean duration between two groups: 25 months for patients with MAGE <3.9 mmol/L; 38 months for patients with MAGE ≥ 3.9 mmol/L. | MAGE | Yes | In-hospital period (not specified) | Primary outcome: in-hospital MACE including all-cause mortality, new-onset MI, AHF, and stroke. Secondary outcomes: Each of the components separately. |
| Mita et al. (2023) [42] | PCS | Outpatients with T2DM who did not have a symptomatic CVD at the inclusion (n = 600). | 379 (63%) | 65 (9) | 11 (6–18) | TIR, TAR10, TAR13.9, TBR3.9, TBR3, glucose CV. | Yes | 2 years | Glucose, CV, TIR, TAR and TBR. |
| Lu et al. (2021) [43] | PCS | Adult patients with T2DM admitted to the hospital for diabetes management (n = 6090). | 3326 (55%) | 62 (12) | 10 (4–15) | Glucose CV, TIR, TAR7.8, TAR10, TAR13.9, TBR3.9, TBR3. | Yes | 6.8 years | All-cause mortality. |
| Andersen et al. (2021) [44] | PCS | Insulin-treated patients with T2DM who had at least one microvascular complication (with or without macrovascular complications) (n = 21). | 15 (71%) | 67 (10) | 18 (8) | Glucose CV; Glucose SD; TBR3.9; TBR3; TIR; TAR10; and TAR13.9. | Yes | 12 months | Cardiac arrhythmias. |
| Ajjan et al. (2023) [45] | Open-label RCT | Patients with T2DM and acute MI who were receiving medications which potentially could cause hypoglycaemia (n = 141). | 103 (73%) | 63 (53–70) | 13 (7.0–18.0) | TIR, TBR3.9, and TBR3. | Yes | 3 months | Primary outcome measure: TIR on days 76–90. Secondary and exploratory outcome measures: hypoglycaemia, HbA1c, MACE, all-cause mortality, quality of life (QOL), and cost effectiveness. |
ACS, acute coronary syndrome; AHF, acute heart failure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; GV, glycaemic variability; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; IQR, interquartile range; MACE, major adverse cardiac events; MAGE, mean amplitude of glycaemic excursions; MI, myocardial infarction; NSTE-ACS, non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; PCS, prospective cohort study; RCT, randomised controlled trial; SD, standard deviation; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; TAR, Time Above Range; TAR7.8, TAR > 7.8 mmol/L or >140 mg/dL; TAR10, TAR > 10 mmol/L or >180 mg/dL; TAR13.9, TAR > 13.9 mmol/L or >250 mg/dL; TBR, Time Below Range; TBR3.9 (TBR < 3.9 mmol/L or <70 mg/dL; TBR3, TBR < 3.0 mmol/L or <54 mg/dL; TIR, Time in Range.