Table 4.

Quality assessment for cohort studies based on the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale.

Study	Selection (Maximum 4 Stars)	Comparability (Maximum 2 Stars)	Outcome (Maximum 3 Stars)	Total Stars (out of Maximum 9)	Comments
Lu (2021) [40]	★★	★★	★★	6	Adjusted for several variables such as age, sex, BMI, diabetes duration, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, history of cancer and CVD, triglyceride, and HDL cholesterol. Blinded CGM measurement. No control group.
Su (2018) [41]	★★	★★	★	5	Adjusted for age ≥ 65 years, sex, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, HbA1c ≥ 7%, hypertension, and hyperlipidaemia.
Mita (2023) [42]	★★★	★★	★★	7	Adjusted for age, sex, and index values for carotid atherosclerosis. Of the 600 participants, 47 did not undergo carotid ultrasonography at 104 weeks, 35 were lost to follow-up and 12 refused to undergo the examination. No control group.
Lu (2021) [43]	★★	★★	★★	6	Adjusted for several variables such as diabetes duration, BMI, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride, and HDL cholesterol. Blinded CGM measurement. No control group.
Andersen (2021) [44]	★★	★	★★	5	Insufficient information about patient selection. The selected group of patients limits the applicability of the results. No control group. Very small cohort size.