Table A2.
Ordinary Least Squares Regression Results: Daily Homework Time among Those Reporting 10+ Minutes per Day, Program for International Student Assessment 2012.
| Variables | Model 0 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 2* | Model 3* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Race (ref = White) | ||||||
| Black | −6.75† (3.63) |
−7.20* (3.35) |
−5.99 (3.81) |
1.61 (3.50) |
−2.52 (4.51) |
2.38 (4.50) |
| Hispanic | −1.97 (2.80) |
−2.98 (2.88) |
−0.24 (2.92) |
4.49† (2.70) |
2.44 (3.75) |
4.93 (3.72) |
| Asian | 36.80** (7.48) |
34.47** (7.43) |
32.41** (7.26) |
28.23** (6.75) |
26.02** (8.34) |
23.35** (8.20) |
| Other (multiracial and other racial/ethnic) | 2.87 (5.21) |
2.96 (5.07) |
5.57 (4.56) |
9.43* (4.27) |
9.73* (4.20) |
11.08** (4.11) |
| Family type (ref = other) | ||||||
| Dual parent household | 1.10 (3.31) |
0.57 (3.22) |
0.48 (3.19) |
−0.24 (3.13) |
||
| Missing | −6.57 (3.96) |
−5.74 (4.13) |
−7.96† (4.45) |
−7.94† (4.51) |
||
| Parent’s highest education (ref = less than BA) | ||||||
| BA or higher | 8.74** (2.14) |
2.55 (2.20) |
2.90 (2.11) |
−1.27 (2.14) |
||
| Missing | 7.57† (4.15) |
6.84† (3.95) |
4.82 (3.38) |
4.55 (3.31) |
||
| Family wealth tertile (ref = lowest) | ||||||
| Middle | 3.33 (2.13) |
2.39 (2.11) |
1.55 (2.39) |
1.01 (2.35) |
||
| Highest | 9.67** (2.62) |
7.12** (2.68) |
4.12 (2.65) |
2.80 (2.68) |
||
| Metropolitan (ref = not metropolitan) | 11.81** (2.97) |
9.10** (2.74) |
−7.35* (2.98) |
−18.13** (3.67) |
||
| Highest grade expected to complete (ref = less than BA) | ||||||
| BA | 8.76** (2.24) |
5.15* (2.24) |
||||
| Graduate school | 13.57** (2.85) |
11.34** (2.76) |
||||
| Average test score tertile (science, math, reading) (ref = lowest) | ||||||
| Middle | 11.47** (2.64) |
8.57** (2.72) |
||||
| Highest | 26.82** (2.93) |
22.54** (2.89) |
||||
| Nativity (ref = U.S. born) | ||||||
| Foreign born | 7.25 (5.57) |
7.55 (5.56) |
7.99† (4.72) |
8.72 (5.85) |
8.19 (5.13) |
|
| Missing | 0.51 (6.07) |
1.88 (6.26) |
6.91 (5.85) |
5.16 (6.71) |
8.08 (6.32) |
|
| Female (ref = male) | 12.03** (1.88) |
12.73** (1.86) |
11.92** (1.76) |
11.82** (1.83) |
11.39** (1.77) |
|
| Grade compared to modal grade in country | 11.10** (1.82) |
9.43** (1.70) |
4.28** (1.56) |
5.80** (1.91) |
1.45 (2.04) |
|
| Constant | 60.22** (1.86) |
53.08** (1.67) |
34.34** (3.28) |
15.76** (3.58) |
49.60** (3.57) |
38.95** (3.81) |
| School fixed effects? | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| N | 2,653 | 2,653 | 2,653 | 2,653 | 2,653 | 2,653 |
| R 2 | .03 | .06 | .09 | .15 | .23 | .27 |
Note. Standard errors in parentheses.
†
p < .1.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01 (two-tailed).