Table 1.
Summary of MS microbiome studies.
| MS type and sample size | Lower abundance in PwMS | Increased abundance in PwMS | Geographical location (Reference) |
|---|---|---|---|
| RRMS (n = 20) HC (n = 40) |
Bacteroides (B. stercoris, B. coprocola, B. coprophilus) Fecalibacterium sp. Prevotella (P. copri) Anaerostipes sp. Clostridium sp. Sutterella (S. wadsworthensis) |
Bifidobacterium sp. Streptococcus sp. Streptococcus thermophilus Eggerthella lenta |
Japan 43 |
| RRMS (n = 31) HC (n = 36) |
Prevotella sp. Parabacteroides sp. Adlercreutzia sp. Collinsella sp. sp. Lactobacillus |
Pedobacter sp. Pseudomonas sp. Mycoplasma sp. Haemophilus sp. Blautia sp. Dorea sp. |
USA 39 |
| RRMS (n = 60) HC (n = 43) |
Butyricimona sp. Prevotella sp. Parabacteroides sp. |
Methanobrevibacter sp. Akkermansia sp. |
USA 42 |
| RRMS (n = 30) HC (n = 14) |
Eubacterium eligens Prevotella copri uncultured Bacteroides sp. uncultured alpha Proteobacterium uncultured Pseudomonas sp |
Faecalibacterium sp. Ruminococcus sp. uncultured Oscillospiraceae sp. uncultured Blautia sp. Anaerostipes sp. Clostridium bolteae uncultured Dialister sp. Alistipes onderdonkii Bifidobacterium longum Coriobacterium sp |
UK 48 |
| RRMS (n = 71) HC (n = 71) |
Parabacteroides distasonis |
Akkermansia muciniphila Acinetobacter calcoaceticus |
USA 38 |
| RRMS (n = 24) HC (n = 25) |
Bifidobacterium longum Clostridium leptum Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron unclassified Escherichia Anaerostipes sp. Prevotella sp. |
unclassified Parabacteroides | USA 37 |
| RRMS (n = 19) HC (n = 17) |
Prevotella sp. | Streptococcus sp. | Italy 40 |
| Monozygotic twin pairs: MS (n = 34) Unaffected twin (n = 34) |
Adlercreutzia sp. | Akkermansia sp. | Germany 36 |
| POMS (n = 20) HC (n = 20) |
Pseudomonas Corrgata Haemophilus Influenzae Kochuria Sphingopyxis sp.QXT-31 |
Methanobrevibacter smithi Moribacter Mycoplasma bovoculi Diaphorobacter polyhydrobutyrativorans Methanobrevibacter millerae Arcanobacterium sp 2701 |
Canada 47 |
| RRMS (n = 20) HC (n = 30) |
Barnesiella sp. Odoribacter sp. Oscillospiracecae UCG 003 |
Blautia Sp Eggerthela sp. Hungatella sp. |
USA 46 |
| PwMS (n = 576) Paired HC (n = 1152) |
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Blautia species |
Akkermansia muciniphila Ruthenibacterium lactatiformans Hungatella hathewayi Eisenbergiella tayi |
USA, Spain, UK, and Argentina 41 |
Abbreviations: RRMS, Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (MS); HC, Healthy Control; POMS, Pediatric onset MS; PwMS, People with MS.