Table 5.

Studies correlating TMD with various physiological and pathological conditions of the female reproductive system.

Reference	Year	Study Design and Subjects	Conclusion
Is the incidence of temporo-mandibular disorder increased in polycystic ovary syndrome? [26]	2014	Case–control 100 premenopausal women divided into 1 group with PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) and 1 healthy group	The incidence and severity of TMD are higher in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome compared to asymptomatic patients.
Cranio-mandibular Disorders in Pregnant Women: An Epidemiological Survey [27]	2020	Case–control 108 pregnant women 90 control women	Pregnant women are more susceptible to TMD
The novel relationship between polycystic ovary syndrome and temporomandibular joint disorders [28]	2020	Case–control 45 PCOS patients 30 healthy patients	There is a significant relationship between PCOS and TMD. The PCOS group had lower mid-luteal progesterone and higher TNF-alpha, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1, 8. No significant differences were found between PCOS with TMD and without TMD concerning estrogen, MMP 1, 8, TNF-alpha, IL-1b.
TMD in Females with Menstrual Disorders [29]	2021	Observational 65 women with menstrual disorders aged between 18 and 40 years and 61 matched by age and gender healthy controls	TMD was more frequent in females with menstrual disorders compared to the control group.